tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-63554485750819036412024-03-08T10:45:48.905-08:00Poetry writing paperGood Essay Topics For College Applicationsleotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.comBlogger104125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-18112571437466730772020-08-23T02:05:00.001-07:002020-08-23T02:05:16.097-07:00Camps essays leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-26447581492013643242020-08-21T23:47:00.001-07:002020-08-21T23:47:21.697-07:00Fluency & Learning EssayThe motivation behind this paper is to indicate an intriguing story and configuration perusing exercises around it to expand the perusing familiarity of understudies. The paper begins with a summation of The Cay, a story of endurance, wherein a little youngster is blinded by a serious blow on the rear of his head while his boat which makes him totally reliant on Timothy. The brave idea of this story makes it fascinating for the understudies to peruse and complete various exercises on it, therefore adding to their perusing familiarity The Cay The book is composed by Theodore Taylor. The story manages a youthful boyââ¬â¢s misguided judgments about race and a dark ocean man, Timothy, with whom he gets wrecked on a remote location. The little youngster, Philip, is blinded by a serious blow on the rear of his head while his boat was pulverized by the foe torpedo. This makes him totally dependant on Timothy, at any rate at first through his stay at the island. As Philip investigates the island and learns the craft of endurance and depends less on Timothy, their relationship and common regard develops for one another, when they figure out how to endure and live inside the methods accessible at the island. Their battle to confront the chances and get by on a detached island with no food and water, without a doubt makes this a fascinating story of endurance. (Polette, 1995) Iââ¬â¢ll be utilizing following five unique exercises for the youngsters to work with the story. Understudy Adult Reading In understudy grown-up perusing, the class will be partitioned into little gatherings and each gathering will be appointed a section from the novel to peruse. The understudy will recite so anyone can hear from the novel with me while the remainder of the kids tune in. I will peruse the content first, which will really give the understudy a model of familiar perusing. This is trailed by the understudy perusing a similar book, while I would help and energize that person during the procedure. I would rehash this procedure with singular understudy until the subject additions familiarity with perusing the specific entry. (Familiarity and Learning to Read â⬠Reading Fluency) c In this action the understudies will peruse a specific section from the novel alongside me as a gathering. To complete this action, every understudy will be given his/her own duplicate of the novel. I would peruse a specific entry beginning from the principal part so the youngsters start to appreciate the story promotion they are acclimated with the words. In the wake of perusing a specific section I would re-read the entry so anyone might hear to demonstrate familiar perusing yet this time requesting that the understudies participate and read the section alongside me. This would be rehashed three to multiple times on chosen days of the week. Toward the finish of this standard understudies ought to have the option to peruse the content freely. (Understanding Fluency, 2002) Tape-helped Reading This movement follows an alternate strategy. Understudies should peruse from their books while they hear and follow a familiar peruser read the content from the book on an audiotape. For this action to be a triumph the recorded voice ought to peruse the content at around 80-100 words for every minutes. Every understudy must have his/her duplicate of the novel before him/her and the recorded voice ought to be boisterous and discernible. To begin with, understudy should point along the content with his finger while tuning in to the recorded voice. After this training the understudy must peruse out the content so anyone might hear with the tape. Perusing the content uproarious with the tape must proceed until the understudy picks up familiarity and can peruse the material without the help of the recorded voice. Familiarity is significant in readind as it permits the particiants to groud words together and center more around their meanning as opposed to unraveling the content. Then again less fluet perusers direct more consideration towards word acknowledgment than appreciation of the given content. The previously mentioned practice is accordingly planned for facilitating the delay in perusing. (Familiarity, 2001) Partner Reading Partner perusing is an action which includes several understudies alternating to peruse the content resoundingly to one another. This would end up being a viable perusing practice in which familiar perusers can be matched with less familiar ones. The less familiar peruser will utilize the familiar readerââ¬â¢s style of articulation as a model and adapt rapidly. The better gifted peruser furnishes help to the powerless peruser with word acknowledgment and helps him simultaneously. Another way to deal with accomplice perusing is check list perusing where both the accomplices are given agendas. In the wake of clarifying the understudies how they can change the pitch of their voice to make it progressively practical, every understudy is approached to peruse out the section to their particular accomplices threefold adhering to the above directions. Toward the end every understudy presents a report with respect to their partnerââ¬â¢s familiarity which can be enhanced in the following meeting. (Murray) Readersââ¬â¢ theater Readersââ¬â¢ theater includes understudies practicing and playing out a play for their kindred understudies and companions. Characters from the novel can be relegated to various understudies who would then be able to showcase the play by perusing from their individual contents got from the novel. ââ¬ËThe Cayââ¬â¢ will be an appropriate book for this training as it is wealthy in discoursed. This sort of action makes perusing additionally engaging and improves familiarity by furnishing understudies with the chance to cooperate with their friends on an alternate level. References Fluency and Learning to Read â⬠Reading Fluency. (n. d. ). Recovered July 2008, from http://www. time4learning.com/readingpyramid/familiarity. htm Fluency. (2001). Recovered July 2008, from Reading Rockets: http://www. readingrockets. organization/instructing/reading101/familiarity Murray, D. B. (n. d. ). Creating Reading Fluency. Recovered July 2008, from http://www. coppery. edu/%7Emurraba/Polette, N. (1995). The Cay by Theodore Taylor. Recovered July 2008, from http://www. nancypolette. com/LitGuides/cay. pdf Reading Fluency. (2002). Recovered July 2008, from http://readingserver. edb. utexas. edu/downloads/essential/guides/Fluency_Presentation. PDF leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-83539393314327380272020-07-14T05:50:00.001-07:002020-07-14T05:50:02.996-07:00Wilderness campaignWilderness campaign Wilderness campaign, in the American Civil War, a series of engagements (Mayâ"June, 1864) fought in the Wilderness region of Virginia. Early in May, 1864, the Northern commander in chief, Grant , led the Army of the Potomac (118,000 strong) across the Rapidan River into the Wilderness, a wild and tangled woodland c.10 mi (16 km) W of Fredericksburg. Grant planned to clear the Wilderness before trying to destroy the smaller Confederate Army of Northern Virginia (60,000 troops) under Robert E. Lee . But Lee advanced on the Union troops while they were still in that area, causing Grant to face about and order an attack. The nature of the terrain made the battle of the Wilderness (May 5â"6) a disjointed but bloody fight. After the repulse of a Union attack on May 6 through the opportune arrival of the 1st Corps under James Longstreet, Lee counterattacked, and the battle became stabilized. Grant then pushed ahead by Lee's right, heading toward Spotsylvania Courthouse, c.12 mi (19 km) to the southeast. Lee, anticipating the move, was soon entrenched there. In the battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse (May 8â"19), Grant unsuccessfully hammered away at the Confederate lines. The bloodiest fighting of this battle occurred on May 12 when the Union assault on the salient forming the Confederate center (the Bloody Angle) was repulsed after initial success. Lee confronted Grant's next move from a position S of the North Anna River, so impregnable that even Grant did not attack. By the beginning of June both armies were near Richmond. Fearing that Lee might withdraw within the defenses of the capital, Grant made another unsuccessful frontal assault on his strongly entrenched enemy in the battle of Cold Harbor, June 3, 1864. The Union lost 7,000 men in a few hoursâ"the most horrible slaughter of the war. After several days of desultory trench fighting Grant then withdrew, crossed the James River, and moved against Petersburg . He had lost about 60,000 men in the campaign, and although Lee's army sustained the proportionately larger loss of 20,000, it was by no means destroyed. See C. Dowdy, Lee's Last Campaign (1960); E. Steere, The Wilderness Campaign (1960, repr. 1987). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-37537376270383041942020-05-21T10:09:00.001-07:002020-05-21T10:09:04.009-07:00Women of Black History Quiz leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-49871188472309260622020-05-06T23:10:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:10:34.580-07:00Biography of Mileva Maric Essay - 834 Words Mileva Maric was born in 1875 in Titel, Serbia and died in Zurich, Switzerland in 1948 at the age of 72 years. She grew up as a bright, young lady who was very intelligent and had a curious mind, particularly in the area of mathematics and sciences. Mileva entered an all-male prep school when she was 15 years old. While the only female in the school, she quickly showed her intelligence by achieving the best grades in math and physics. After graduation, she was accepted at the Zurich Polytechnic, now known as Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, where she met the man who later becomes her husband, Albert. Much to her dismay, she failed her first round of exams in 1900 and prepared to take them again. Before she could completeâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦There is evidence both supporting and against Mileva working with Einstein. There are ideas that she did the math, corrected the math, and even aided his own work. I found two reasons saying that she contributed to his theories. One is that a man testified about the authors of the Annus Mirabilius Papers. In his testimony, it was suggested that she played a significant role in the research and writing of the paper. Additionally, a close friend of hers acknowledged publicly that she had worked closely with Einstein. A piece of evidence that I found could go both towards the supporting or going against her being his assistant and those are the letters Albe rt and Mileva sent to each other. The first piece of evidence is about Abram Fedorovich Joffe, a physicist as well. Einstein published a collection of papers in 1905 that had the relativity theory papers, the photo-electric effect, something explaining the Brownian motion and his famous formula E=mc2. Abram Joffe testified that the relativity theory papers had originally been signed Einstein-Marity. Marity is the Hungarian version of Maric. Then, when the published papers came out Mileva Maricââ¬â¢s maiden name was left out of the article. Joffe had seen the first 1905 manuscript and then told people that Maricââ¬â¢s name was initially onShow MoreRelated Mileva MariÃâ¡ Einstein and her contribution to Albert Einsteins work1293 Words à |à 6 PagesWas Mileva Maric, the first wife of Albert Einstein, the well kept secret of Einsteins success? The relationship with Mileva Maric corresponds with Einsteins most productive period of life. In a single year, 1905, Einstein published four most important papers of his career, and won the 1921 Nobel Prize for that work. He spent the last 30 years of his life working on a unified field theory, but never succeeded. He was never again as successful as when he was with Mileva. Albert Einstein wasRead MoreAlbert Einstien: The Smartest Man in History Essay898 Words à |à 4 Pagesthis essay, you will read about Alberts early life, family and marriage, his miracle year, his scientific career and theory of relativity, US contributions, and his later years. Did you know Albert Einstein failed an exam in his school years? (Biography Channel Website) Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany. His father was Hermann Einstein and his mother was Pauline Einstein, both of whom were non-observant Jews. At the age of one, Albert Einstein and his family moved to MunichRead MoreThe Life Of Albert Einstein923 Words à |à 4 Pagesthe only woman in his physics class, Mileva Maric. The two of them thought about marriage, but Einsteinââ¬â¢s family opposed any talk of marriage (ââ¬Å"Formative Yearsâ⬠). In 1900, Einstein graduated from the Federal Polytechnic School. Soon after that, he became a Swiss citizen, but was unable to find a teaching position, so he accepted a job offer as a technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office (ââ¬Å"Albert Einstein ââ¬â Biographicalâ⬠). Three years later, Einstein and Maric finally get married, and in 1904,Read MoreThe Life of Albert Einstein837 Words à |à 4 Pageswas to his college sweetheart Mileva Maric. They married in the 1905 and took a romantic honeymoon to Lake Como in Italy. When they returned from vacation Mileva discovered that she was pregnant. In that time illegitimate children werenââ¬â¢t uncommon but they still werenââ¬â¢t accepted by society. Since Einstein didnââ¬â¢t have the wealth to marry/support Mileva and the child, they were not able to marry until a year later when he got a job the patent job on January 6, 1903. Mileva went back to her family andRead MoreAlbert Einstein Essay1763 Words à |à 8 Pagesthis time, Einstein had begun to fall in love with one of his fellow students. Her name was Mileva Maric, and unfortunately, his parents strongly disliked and opposed of their affair. Einstein was not only lacking in his familyââ¬â¢s support, but also in financial stability, which prevented him from marrying Mileva. The couple proceeded with their relationship, and had an illegitimate child together. Mileva Maric gave birth to Einsteinââ¬â¢s daughter, Lieseri, early in the year of 1902. As time passed andRead MoreThe Theory Of Albert Einstein1232 Words à |à 5 Pagesà ¬Ã ¬Albert Einstein Biography Albert Einstein was a German-American theoretical physicist, best known for developing the general theories of relativity. He is largely considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century. Earlier Years Einstein was born on March 14th, 1879, in Ulm, Wurttemberg, Germany, to Herman Einstein, an electrochemical factory manager, and Pauline Koch, a housewife. They were both Ashkenazi Jews, however they did not practice their religion (Whitaker). Einstein hadRead MoreAlbert Einstein: The Best Scientist529 Words à |à 2 Pagesfled to the United States of America in 1933. If Albert didnââ¬â¢t move to the U.S he couldnââ¬â¢t have hold a position as a teacher at the University as a Jewish person. Then later Albert became a U.S citizen in 1940. Then later he married a lady named Mileva Maric in 1903. They had one daughter and two sons their marriage ended in 1919. The same year Albert got married his cousin named Elsa lowenthal, and then later died in 1936.then late Albert died in April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey. Iââ¬â¢m goingRead MoreThe Contributions Of Albert Einstein1647 Words à |à 7 PagesAlbert Einstein: Theoretical Physicist, Scientist Biography by Matthew Ling Though known today as the most influential physicist of the twentieth century, he was not always regarded as such. Seen as a ââ¬Å"retardedâ⬠school dropout and an army draft dodger in his youth, Albert Einstein was never expected to be successful at all, and definitely not the accomplished physicist he is today. With his deep inquisitiveness and inquiry, he overcame the challenges of the society around him and gave great contributionsRead MoreAn Influential Physicist Of The 20th Century1906 Words à |à 8 Pagesin Zurich, Einstein developed lasting friendships and alliances, also meeting his future wife, Mileva Maric, a Serbian physics student. After graduating from Polytechnic, Einstein faced major challenges in terms of finding academic positions, having alienated some professors over not attending class more regularly in lieu of studying independently. Meanwhile, Einstein continued to grow closer to Maric, but his parents were strongly against the relationship due her ethnic background. NonethelessRead MoreAlbert Einsteins Biography2256 Words à |à 9 Pagesone of the most famous minds in the history of the known world, the great thinker Albert Einstein, was born in a small city in the WÃÆ'à ¼rttemberg region of Germany on March 14, 1879. He was born in Ulm to Jewish parents Hermann and Pauline Einstein (Biography 1967). At birth, Einstein had a proportionately large head and his parents went to their doctor, fearing they had a deformed child and considered measures such as confinement in an institution as was normal for physically deformed children of the leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-39888136577768371382020-05-06T07:34:00.001-07:002020-05-06T07:34:52.721-07:00An Assessment of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Free Essays Universal Journal of Marketing and Business Research Vol. 1(1) pp. 017-043, May, 2012 Available online http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on An Assessment of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility or any similar topic only for you Order Now universalresearchjournals. org/ujmbr Copyright à © 2012 Transnational Research Journals Full Length Research Paper An assessment of the impact of corporate social responsibility on Nigerian society: The examples of banking and communication industries Adeyanju, Olanrewaju David Department of Financial Studies Redeemerââ¬â¢s University, km 46, Lagos Ibadan Expressway Mowe, Ogun State E-mail: davfol@yahoo. om, Tel No. : 07037794073 Accepted 30 January, 2012 In the Nigerian society, Corporate Social Responsibilities [CSR] has been a highly cotemporary and contextual issue to all stakeholders including the government, the corporate organization itself, and the general public. The public contended that the payment of taxes and the fulfillment of other civic rights are enough grounds to have the liberty to take back from the society in terms of CSR undertaken by other stakeholders. Some ten year ago, what characterized the Nigerian society was fragrant pollution of the air, of the water and of the environment. Most corporate organizations are concerned about what they can take out of the society, and de-emphasized the need to give back to the society [their host communities]. This attitude often renders the entire community uninhabitable. A case in mind is the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. This translated to negative integrity and reputation on the part of corporate identity as people perceived this as exploitation and greed for profitability and wealth maximization within a decaying economy of Nigeria. However, the general belief is that both business and society gain when firms actively strive to be socially responsible; that is, the business organizations gain in enhanced reputation, while society gains from the social projects executed by the business organization. In modern day however, having seen the benefits and average favorable pay-back period of their investment in CSR, corporations are now seriously involved in this project, which had impacted in the society wonderfully and profitably. This study is therefore, intended to consider the imperative and benefits of CSR on the Nigeria society. The perceived gap supposedly created is harnessed and investigated for possible resolution, using the banking and communication industries as a case study. The research approach is both descriptive and analytical. Data collected for this study are from both primary and secondary sources, relying heavily on the relevant information available from both banking and communication sectors, and other sources. Tests were conducted using both regression and correlation analysis. The regression result reveals a strong and significant relationship between CSR and Societal Progress such that the relationship between CSR and Societal Progress is statistically significant. It is thus conclusion that CSR plays a significant role in Societal Progressiveness in terms of environmental and economic growth. The study recommends that, while improvement in the depth of participation by banking and telecommunication industries in economic and environmental development is desirable, they are encouraged to close ranks and forge common interest in addressing certain social responsibilities, especially those bothering on security and technological advancement of the polity. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, societal Progressiveness, Banking, Communication, Environment. INTRODUCTION At an earlier point in history, societal expectations from business organizations did not go beyond efficient resource allocation and its maximization. But today, it has changed and modern business must think beyond profit maximization toward being at least socially responsible to its society. Todayââ¬â¢s heightened interest in the role of business in society has been promoted by increased sensitivity to the 018 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. awareness of environmental and ethical issues. It means our society has become increasingly concerned that greater influence and progress by firms has not been accompanied by equal effort and desire in addressing important social issues including problems of poverty, drug abuse, crime, improper treatment of workers, faulty production output and environmental damage or pollution by the industries as it has overtime been reported in the media. It is therefore very essential for all to realize that public outcry for increased social responsibility will not disappear if business organizations fail to respond to the challenges these had posed for the society. In view of the perceived information gap, it is therefore worthwhile collating and aggregating in a more organized manner, the contributions of Nigerian corporations [using banking and communications industries as a focus] to the well-being of the society. This is necessary if only to show, in a graphic and mathematical ways that the industries seriously identify with the aspirations of the communities and the general public. In the early years of this century, two Americans independently and without knowing of each other were among the first businessmen in the worldââ¬â¢s history to initiate major community reforms. Andrews Carnegie preached and financed the free public library. Julius Rosenwald fathered the country farm agent system and adopted the infant 4-H CLUBS. Carnegie was already retired from business and one of the worldââ¬â¢s richest men. Rosenwald who had recently bought a near bankrupt mail order firm called Sear Roebuck and Company, was only beginning to build both his business and fortune. The two held basically different philosophies. Carnegie believed that the sole purpose of being rich is to be a philanthropist, that is, the ââ¬Å"social responsibility of wealthâ⬠. Rosenwald believed that you have to be able to do good to do well, that is, the ââ¬Å"social responsibility of businessâ⬠. J. Irwin miller of the Cummins Engine Co. Ltd in Columbus, Indiana, has systematically used corporate funds to create a healthy community which, at the same time is a direct, though intangible investment in a healthy environment for his company. Miller specifically aimed at endowing his small industrial town with the ââ¬Ëquality of lifeââ¬â¢ that would attract to it the managerial and technical people on whom a big high-technology business depends. Only if business and particularly Nigerian business learns that to do well it has to do good, can we hope to tackle the major challenges facing developing societies today. The economic realities ahead are such that ââ¬Ësocial needsââ¬â¢ can be financed increasingly only if their solution generates commensurate earning which precisely is what business is known for. We can actually say firms involved in Corporate Social Responsibility are actually not regretting because of the increase it has made on their sales leading to profit and how they have impacted the environment. The significance of corporate social responsibility as a vital tool for the societal progressiveness cannot be over emphasized. This can be seen from the points of view of showing concern for the welfare of the community in order to reap peace, competent and cheaper manpower, a platform for a better community; by making the host community worthy of livelihood in terms of infrastructural development; and by boosting their image, reducing advert cost, gaining an edge over competitors, and making your name as a firm an household name in the society. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework Overview of The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility The Bali Roundtable on developing countries in 2002 recognized the business sector as a primary driver of economic development and the World Summit For Sustainability identified business involvement as critical in alleviating poverty and achieving sustainable development. Corporate social responsibility has to do with an organization going out of his way to initiate actions that will impact positively on its host community, its environment and the people generally. It can be seen as a way of acknowledging the fact that some business fall outs have adverse effects on the citizens and society and making efforts to ensure that such negative impact are corrected. Posk, et al (1999) as a matter of fact, believe that corporate social responsibility means that a corporation should be held accountable for any of its actions that affect people, communities, and its environment. It implies that negative business impacts on people and society should be acknowledged and corrected, if possible. It may require a company forgoing some profits if its social impacts are seriously harmful to some of its stakeholders or if its fund can be used to promote a positive social good. Definition of Corporate Social Responsibilities There are a myriad of definitions of Corporate Social Responsibilities [CSR], each considered valuable in their own right and designed to fit the specific organization. The majority of definitions integrate the three dimensions to the concept, that is, economic, environmental and social dimensions. CSR had also been commonly described as ââ¬Å"a demonstration of certain responsible behavior on the part of public and the private [government and business] sectors toward society and the environmentâ⬠. Business for Social Responsibility (BSR), a leading Global Business partner, in a Forum held in 2006 defined Olanrewaju 019 CSR as achieving commercial success in ways that honors ethical values and respect people, communities, and the natural environment. For BSR, CSR also means addressing the legal, ethical, commercial and other expectations society has for business, and making decisions that fairly balance the claim of all key stakeholders. In its simplest terms, it is: ââ¬Å"what you doâ⬠, ââ¬Å"how you do itâ⬠ââ¬Å"and when and what you sayâ⬠. In this sense, CSR is viewed as a comprehensive set of policies, practices and programmes that are integrated into business operations, supply chain, and decision making processes throughout the company and wherever the company does businesses that are supported and rewarded by top management. It also includes responsibility for current and past actions as well as future impacts. The issues that represent a companyââ¬â¢s CSR focus vary by business, size, sector and even geographical region. It is seen by leadership of companies as more than a collection of discrete practices or occasional gestures or initiatives motivated by marketing, public relations or other business benefits. Also, the World Business Council on Sustainability Development, 1998 described CSR as ââ¬Å"the continuing commitment by Business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at largeâ⬠. CSR is the concept that an enterprise is responsible or accountable for its impact on all relevant shareholdersâ⬠[European Union, 2006]. According to Macmillan [2005], ââ¬Å"CSR is a term describing a companyââ¬â¢s obligation to be accountable to all its stakeholders in all its operations and activities. Socially responsible companies will consider the full scope of their impact on communities and the environment when making decisions, balancing the need of stakehol ders with their need to make a profitâ⬠. ââ¬Å"CSR is concerned with treating the stakeholders of the firm ethically or in a socially responsible manner. Since stakeholders exist both within a firmââ¬â¢s and outside a firm, hence, behaving socially and responsibly will increase the human development of stakeholders both within and outside the corporationâ⬠[Clarkson, 1995]. A reputable author, Kenneth Andrews Steiner (1977) defined Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) ââ¬Å"as the intelligent and objective concern for the welfare of the society that retains the individual and corporate behavior from ultimately destructive activities, no matter how immediately profitable nd leads to the directions of positive construction of human bettermentâ⬠. As an improvement on the above definitions, Koontz and Oââ¬â¢Donnell (1968) defined social responsibility as the personal obligation of everyone, as he acts in his own interests, but he must always have due regard that his freedom does not restrict others from doing the same thing. He further noted that a socially responsible individual or organization will obey the laws of t he land because the rights of others are at stake. In emphasizing the ecological conceptualization of social responsibility, Buchholz (1991) noted that any good definition of social responsibility must contain if not all, most of the following; Responsibility that: â⬠¢ goes beyond the production goods and services at a profit. â⬠¢ helps in solving important social problems those that the organization are responsible for creating. â⬠¢ makes corporations have greater constituency than stockholders alone â⬠¢ makes corporations have great impacts that goes beyond marketplace transactions, and â⬠¢ makes corporations serve a wider range of human values that can be captured by a sole focus on value. CSR can therefore be referred to as decisions and actions taken by organizations for reasons at least, particularly beyond the organizationââ¬â¢s direct economic or technical interest. For many corporate bodies giving to charities is a struggle really, their objective do not usually build-in the strategic need to support the communities that they serve. The focus totally is to maximize profit or financial returns. The thrust of their arguments centre around balancing their obligations to stakeholders, especially the shareholders. Corporate social responsibilities should be strategic no doubt. Engaging in strategic philanthropy is done by even the best corporate bodies in the world. It should however have an underlying compassionate foundation. There should be a symbiotic relationship between corporate organization and the host communities, a sort of on-going reconciliation between the organizationââ¬â¢s economic orientations. There should be an unwritten ââ¬Å"social contractâ⬠, so that it should not be forced responsibility like Education Trust Fund tax but a voluntary social service based on the needs of the community. Socially responsible business practice implies that CSR is the social practice where the corporation adapts and conducts discretionary business practices and investments that support social causes to improve community well-being in order to protect the environment. Key distinctions include focus on activities that are discretionary, not those that are mandated by laws or regulatory agencies or are simply expected, as with meeting moral standards. Community is interpreted broadly to include employees of the corporation, suppliers, distributors, non-profit and public sector partners as well as members of the general public. And well-being can be referred to health and safety as well as psychological and emotional needs. It is also about capacity building for sustainable livelihoods, respect for cultural difference and finds a business in building the skills of employees, the community and the government. Indeed it is about business giving back to society. 020 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. Generally speaking, Corporate Social Responsibility, whether in the banking sector or otherwise refers to: A collection of policies and practices linked to relationship with key stakeholders, values, compliance with legal requirements, and respect for people, communities and the environment. The commitment of business to contribute to sustainable development According to the European Commission, CSR involves companies integrating ââ¬Å"social and environmental concerns into business operations and in their interaction with stakeholders on a voluntary basisâ⬠. The key to this definition lies in the word ââ¬Å"voluntaryâ⬠. According to Nigeria Social Enterprise Reports Vol. 2, CSR is generally understood to be the way a company achieves a balance or integration of economic, environmental and social imperatives while at the same time addressing shareholders and stakeholders expectations. It went further to say that CSR is generally seen as the contribution of business to sustainable development which has been defined as ââ¬Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needsâ⬠. In Nigeria, the federal Executive Council (FEC) on Wednesday May 2008 approved the development of a CSR policy for the country, to instill ethical behavior in Nigerian Businesses. The minister of National Planning Commission, Dr Sanusi Daggash, who gave details of the memorandum, said it referred to the adoption of responsible business practices by organizations, to improve the society at largeââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢. He said the policy would include ââ¬Å"beyond law commitmentâ⬠and activities that would necessitate an expectatation to ââ¬Ëgive backââ¬â¢ to the society. He reiterated that the policy would ensure corporate governance and ethics, health and safety, human rights, human resource management, anti-bribery and anticorruption measures. One reckons that the policy formulators will take note of similar global policies that might point Nigeria in the direction of developing a viable CSR policy. Carrolââ¬â¢s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility Although no single commonly accepted definition had been ascribed to the subject, which had evolved since 1970s, Archie B. Carroll had said that ââ¬Å"there had been economic, ethical, legal and philanthropic aspect to the subjectâ⬠. Therefore, one of the most used and quoted model is the Carrollââ¬â¢s pyramid of CSR, 1991. Carroll considers CSR to be framed in such a way that the entire range of business responsibilities is embraced. These four responsibilities can be illustrated as a pyramid. The economic component is about the responsibility to profit which serves as the base for the other components of the pyramid. With regard to the legal aspect, society expects organizations to comply with the laws and regulations. Ethical responsibilities are about how society expects organization to embrace values and norms even if the values and norms might constitute a higher standard of performance than required by law. Philanthropic responsibilities are those actions that are expected from a company as a good corporate citizen. Implicit Versus Responsibility Explicit Corporate Social Matten and Moon (2004) presents a conceptual framework for understanding corporate social responsibilities the, ââ¬Ëimplicitââ¬â¢ versus the ââ¬Ëexplicitââ¬â¢ corporate social responsibilities. Explicit CSR is about corporate policies with the objective of being responsible for what the society is interested in. Explicit CSR can for example be voluntary, self-interest driven corporate social responsibilities policies and strategies. Implicit CSR is a countryââ¬â¢s formal and informal institutions that give organizations an agreed share of responsibility for societyââ¬â¢s interests and concerns. Implicit CSR are values, norms and rules which result in requirements for corporations to address areas that stakeholders consider important. Business associations or ndividual organizations are often directly involved in the definition and legitimization of this social responsibility requirement. The Three Components of Sustainability ââ¬â The Triple Bottom Line Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environmental and Development, 1987) Th e triple bottom line is considering that companies do only have one objective, profitability, but that they also have objectives of adding environmental and social value to society (Crane and Matten, 2004). The concept of sustainability is generally regarded as having emerged from the environmental perspective is about how to manage physical resources so that they are conserved for the future. Therefore, economic sustainability is about the economic performance of the organization itself. A broader concept of economic sustainability includes the companyââ¬â¢s impact on the economic framework in which it is embedded. The development of the social perspective has not developed as fast as the environmental and economic Olanrewaju 021 perspectives. The key issue in the social perspective on sustainability is that of social justice. It can be seen from above that economic and environmental sustainability involved in the concept of externalities is mostly engendered in the importance placed by comparatives in the concept of social responsibilities. The European Foundation for Quality Management [EFQM] defines CSR as ââ¬Å"a whole range of fundamentals that organizations are expected to acknowledge and to reflect in their actions. It includes among other things respecting human rights, fair treatment of the workforce, customers and suppliers, being good corporate citizens of the communities in which they operate and conservation of natural environmentâ⬠. These fundamentals are seen as not only morally and ethically desirable ends in themselves and as part of the organizationââ¬â¢s philosophy; but also as key drivers in ensuring that society will allow the organization to survive in the long term, as society benefits from the organizationââ¬â¢s activities and behaviorâ⬠(The EFQM Framework For Social Responsibility, 2004). CSR is the concept that an organization needs to consider the impact of their operations and business practices on not just the shareholders, but also its customers, suppliers, employees, members of the community it operates in, and even the environment. It is a way of saying thank you and expressing appreciation to all stakeholders in the business. It is a conscious effort to give back to the society in which the corporation has benefitted immensely. Characteristics of Corporate Social Responsibilities The European Foundation for Quality Management [EFQM] presents some common characteristics for CSR which are: â⬠¢ Meeting the need of current stakeholders without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own demand. â⬠¢ Adopting CSR voluntarily, rather than as legal requirement, because it is seen to be in the long-term interests of the organization. Integrating social, environmental and economic policies in day to day business â⬠¢ Accepting CSR as a core activity that is embedded into an organizationââ¬â¢s management strategy. The three dimension of CSR with specific examples of areas particular to each dimension are: Economic Responsibility Integrity, corporate governance, economic development of t he community, transparency, prevention of bribery and corruption, payments to national and local authorities, use of local suppliers, hiring local labour and similar areas. Social Responsibility Human rights, training and developing local labour, contributing expertise to community programs and similar areas. Environmental Responsibility Precautionary approaches to prevent or minimize adverse impacts support for initiatives, promoting greater environmental responsibility, developing and diffusing environmentally friendly technologies and similar areas. Lohman and Steinholtz (2004) view the CSR concept as a combination of three separate agendas, namely Corporate Sustainability, Accountability and Governance. Corporate Sustainability derives from the United Nation meeting in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and the Agenda 21. This refers to how we address and balance the social, economic and environmental areas in the world so that our long term survival is not threatened. Corporate Accountability focuses on the credibility of the organization and is used in situations where discussions are held about the ability of the organization to manage. Corporate governance is used in the discussion about how an organization is being run. It deals with transparency and in the long run trustworthiness. Bowen (1953) defined it as the obligation of business men to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of objectives and values of the society. A number of studies have been carried out on CSR since the idea was floated in the twentieth century. For, example, a Business week/Harris poll (1993) revealed that U. S. top-level corporate executives (69% of those polled) and MBA students (89%) believed that corporations should be more involved in solving crucial problems. Also in a study of 107 Europeans corporations, majorly of the chief executives cadre surveyed agreed that addressing social issues, such as substance abuse, health care and education, was needed (Mathison, 2003). Business in any society needs to take responsibility, for every decision that is made, every action that is taken, must be viewed in the light of that kind of responsibility. Social responsibility requires business organizations to balance the benefits to be gained against the costs of achieving those benefits. There is the general belief that both business and society gain when firms actively strive to be socially responsible. While business organizations gain in enhanced reputation, society gains from the social projects executed by the business organization. In the early 1970s, companies began to appreciate community service as a way to improve their images, internally and externally, as well as to serve the 022 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. communities in which the business operates. A study carried out by the National Volunteer Centre in U. S. n 1977 shows that more than 1,100 major U. S. corporations had established structured activities to involve their workers in community volunteerism by 1990. A survey of 180 leading U. S. companies found that 79% of them had volunteer programmes. Also, a study conducted by IBM and the graduate of School of Business at the University of Columbia in 1994 showed a clear link between volunteerism and return on assets, return on investments and employee productivity. A company with a strong community involvement programme is likely to score high in profitability and employee morale. Social responsibility should, in fact, reflect cultural values and may differ in forms from one society to the other. What is socially acceptable in Japan may differ in forms from that of Germany, Brazil or Indonesia. Japanese firms have proved themselves models citizens on many dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility. Their support of local community activities and other philanthropic endeavours have led to increased goodwill in the communities where they operate. The firms help society in areas directly related to the operations of the business. A survey conducted by the Japanese External Trade Organisation (JETRO) in 1997 shows that approximately 80% of Japanese affiliated operations in the United State which were covered by the survey engaged in corporate philanthropy. Making cash contributions was the most common form of philanthropy (about 91%). Community development and education were the primary beneficiaries of cash donations and encouragement of employee volunteerism was up to 36% from 1992. Over 95% of responding organizations maintained or increased both cash donations and other philanthropic activities since the last survey in 1992. Being socially responsible by meeting the publicââ¬â¢s continually changing expectations requires wise leadership at the top of the organization. Miles (1987) observed that ââ¬Å"corporate leaders who possesses this kind of social vision believe that business should help create social change rather than block it. With such attitude, they know that their own company will have a better chance of surviving in the turbulent social currents of todayââ¬â¢s worldâ⬠. Frooman (1997) further observed that companies which are socially responsible are guided by enlightened selfinterest, which means that they are socially aware without giving up their own economic self interest. Profit are the reward for the firm as it continues to provide true value to its customers, to help its employees to grow, and to behave responsibly as a corporate citizen. An emphasis on social responsibility can attract customers. A poll conducted by Opinion Research Corporation shows that 89% of purchases by adult are influenced by a companyââ¬â¢s reputation. Social responsibility also benefits ompanies by enabling them to recruit a high quality labor force. The reputation of the firm and the goodwill associated with socially responsible actions attract talented prospective employee, that is, people seeking an employer for whom they would be proud to work. At Cadbury Nigeria plc, the concept of CSR is seen as a continuing commitment by business to behave ethically in ways that will contribute to economic development of the nation. It is also expected to improve the quality of life of not only the companyââ¬â¢s workforce and families but also that of the local community as well as the society at large. Business Day, Newspaper, 13th October, 2003) Over the last decades there has been an apparent shift from adopting more responsible business practices as a result of regulatory citations, consumer complaints and special interest group pressures, to proactive research exploring corporate solutions to social problems and incorporating new business practices that will support these issues. This shift has been due to: â⬠¢ increasing evidence being documented and shared, demonstrating that socially responsible business practices can actually increase profits. the fact that in our global market place, consumers have more options and can make choices based on the criteria beyond product, price and distribution channels. Research emphasized that consumer s are also basing their purchase decisions on reputation for fair and sustainable business practices and perceptions of commitment to the communityââ¬â¢s welfare. â⬠¢ the fact that Investors and other stakeholders may also be the driving force with increased public scrutiny and use of more sophisticated pressure tactics, including use of technology and power of internet. Interest in increased worker productivity and retention which has turned corporate heads towards ways to improve satisfaction and well being. (Cocacola bottler in South Africa launching an HIV/AIDS prevention program in the work place). â⬠¢ Technology and increased third party reporting having been given increased visibility and coverage of corporate activities, especially when things go wrong, as with current corporate scandals that have made the public more suspicious of business creating the need for business to put a positive shine on their activities. This is even more critical today with instant access to twenty four (24) hours news channel such as CNN outline news articles and e-mail alerts. â⬠¢ The bar for full disclosure appears have been raised, moving potential customers from a ââ¬Å"consumer bewareâ⬠attitude to an expectation that they will be fully informed as regards practices including product content, sources of raw materials and manufacturing processes. Advocate of CSR argues that companies with good social and environmental records will perform better in the long run than those that do not behave responsibly. This is because customers will like to patronize any Olanrewaju 023 company with good social and environmental records more than companies without such records as they will be seen to have identified with the community. It has been argued that since Corporate Social Responsibility can enhance a companyââ¬â¢s image, it raises the question of whether or not CSR was embarked upon solely for corporate self interest, company or their chief executives may be politically motivated when making corporate donations. But Black (1989) objecting to this self interest motive maintains that in CSR, the company giving funds does not attempt to gain any advertising benefit or undue identification. The company is contented with the belief that CSR is good business. Responsibilities of a firm To achieve set objectives, every firm owes various duties to all the stakeholders, and these must be fulfilled. These responsibilities are discussed below: â⬠¢ Duty to protect the well-being of people in its environment. A firmââ¬â¢s primary duty is to protect the well being of those living in its environment; its operations or practice. For example, a firm wishing to carry out banking business must first be incorporated under the Companies and Allied Matter Act (CAMA), 1990 and then valid licence from the governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Its operations should be in line with the provisions of the Bank and Other Financial Institutions Acts (BOFIA), 1991, the CBN Act, the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporations (NDIC) Acts, the Money Laundry Act 2004 and other banking laws. â⬠¢ The firm should produce goods and services that are not harmful to the people. A manufacturing company should not produce goods that may cause death to people. Similarly, in the course of maximizing profit, a bank should not finance illegal projects, say, provide finance for the illegal purchase of ammunition, or abeit illegal transfer by unpatriotic citizens or politicians. A firm should not deceive others. Deception, in this way, can take various forms, namely; failing to include all the required quantities and quality materials for producing a particular product, but may still indicate on the package that the normal quality were involved; colluding with the external auditor to render false financial statements to shareholders, regulating authorities and members of the public, with a view to declaring false profit; preparing two sets of accounts or returns, i. e. ccurate and false accounts, and sending the false one to the regulatory authorities and the accurate one to the shareholders, to conceal some facts in the course of bank supervision and examination. â⬠¢ An organization should enter into fair binding contract with its customers, creditors, employees, suppliers etc. all terms and conditions of the contract should be well stated by the firm and well understood by the parties concerned. It is important for a firm to discharge its duties under the contract at all times. For example, a customer granted credit facility should be allowed to repay under the agreed terms and conditions for which the loan was granted. â⬠¢ Duty to make reasonable return to shareholders in accordance with the level of investment. The ordinary shareholder takes the highest risk in business, hence it is the duty of management of a company to utilize the resources of the company effectively to generate profit, the bulk of which should go to the ordinary shareholder. The firm should ensure that the market price of the companyââ¬â¢s share is attractive to the public. When this is done, the ownerââ¬â¢s economic welfare is maximized through high return on capital usually reflected on the market price of shares of the company. â⬠¢ Duty to minimize harmful effect of substance. In the course of doing business, firms are bound to engage in activities whose effects may be harmful or distasteful to the members of the organization and the public. For example, hospital, police, radio, and television stations, telecommunication business provide twenty-four hours service to their customers and client, an indication that the employees of these organizations must be on duty every hour of the day. To be effective and efficient, there is need for shift duty. Although coming to work at night or very early in the morning might not be palatable with all employees, this is in evitable; thus, a fair compensation, in terms of shift hazards and inconvenience allowances, should be paid to the employees concerned. This will strengthen their commitment. Similarly oil and gas industries should pay high compensation to the people living in the area where oil and gases are produced, as this could compensate for the environment degradation of the area and other problems encountered by the people living in the community. Also bank staff that work outside the normal banking hours should be paid compensation allowance. â⬠¢ Duty to pay reasonable salaries and wages to the employees. It is the duty of the firm to use the revenue generated from its business activities to pay fair and reasonable compensation in the forms of salaries and allowances to workers. This should be commensurate with the services rendered. However, it will be unethical, unfair and an act of irresponsibility for a firm to ask the workers to perform task that will expose them to serious danger, risk, or unprofessional practices, all in the interest of robust salaries and allowances. For example, a situation where banks set unachievable deposit targets for staff by employing ââ¬Ëbeautifulââ¬â¢ ladies and ââ¬Ëhandsomeââ¬â¢ men to run after money-bags to attract deposits. This encourages fraud and prostitution. A staff that fails to meet the target knowing full well that he would be sacked might resort to stealing to raise more funds or resort to prostitution. In like manner, a firm that pays reasonable returns on capital will enjoy continuous investment of shareholders. â⬠¢ Duty to use part of the firmââ¬â¢s profit to provide 024 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. amenities that promote the common good of the community in which it operates. â⬠¢ Duty to embark on projects that brings about the expansion and improvement in the companyââ¬â¢s operations. Firms that expand create additional employment opportunities to the community, and this will lessen crime rates. Similarly goods are made available at affordable prices, thereby meeting the needs and satisfaction of the consumers. This encourages good standard of living of people in the community. â⬠¢ Duty to honor obligations to the government in terms of payments of taxes an levies, thereby making fund available to the government to provide infrastructure facilities and meet the recurrent expenditures with a view to promoting national development. Social responsibility to stakeholders An organization should fulfill its social responsibilities to the following stakeholders for it to achieve its set objectives. For instance, using a Bank as a case study, the stakeholders will include: a. Customers market prices of the shares of the bank in the stock market; â⬠¢ Ensuring safe investments through good and sound management to prevent distress; â⬠¢ Issuing bonus share from time to tome; â⬠¢ Keeping the shareholders informed of the bankââ¬â¢s performances through annual general meetings, newsletters and information bulletins. . Employees â⬠¢ Offer efficient services â⬠¢ Make savings and withdrawals of money less time consuming by reducing the waiting time; â⬠¢ Ensure adequate liquidity so that cash withdrawals is met promptly; â⬠¢ Pay competitive rate of interest on saving and deposit, in line with the CBNââ¬Ës credit and monetary guidelines; â⬠¢ Charges reasonable interest rates and commissions; â⬠¢ Ensure safety of deposit so much so that the customers can deposit his money in the bank and go to sleep; â⬠¢ Provide a conducive environment for banking activities, e. g. pacious and well ventilated banking hall, security for valuables and vehicles within the bank premisesââ¬â¢ and â⬠¢ Make secret of the affairs between the bank and customers to protect the interest of the customers. b. Shareholders â⬠¢ Provide a conducive working environment i. e. make available modern working tools and equipment, ventilated offices, good infrastructure, decent and official cars, health and safety equipment at the workplace etc; â⬠¢ Pay competitive salary remuneration commensurate with the level of commitment â⬠¢ Offer opportunities for career development, e. . inducement for taking professional examination; â⬠¢ Train and develop employees through continuous learning at seminars, conferences, workshop, with the view to update their knowledge base, to meet rapid changes in the banking environment. ; â⬠¢ Keep employees adequately informed on the policies, procedures and rules relating to day-to-day banking operations. This can be done through newsletters, bulletins, meetings, etc; â⬠¢ Involve employees in decisions affecting them, to ensure their total commitment and loyalty; â⬠¢ Maintaining equal opportunities among employees, i. . there should be no preferential treatment or favourism; â⬠¢ Establish clear cut bargaining and grievance procedures that will be known and followed by all employees. d. Government â⬠¢ Being a responsible corporate entity or citizen, provide credit facilities to various sectors of the economy, with a view to ensuring the economic development of the country; â⬠¢ Comply with the laws and regulations rescribed by regulatory authorities like the Central Bank of Nigeria, the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporate, etc; â⬠¢ Assist government in funding and promoting social activities, such as sp onsoring sports programmes, contributions towards combating diseases e. g. AIDS, etc. e. The Public If banks are to guarantee continuous investment of their shareholders, they have the duty of: â⬠¢ Ensuring effective performance by utilizing the capital invested in the bank to maximize profit. â⬠¢ Paying good dividends, i. e. reasonable returns commensurate with the capital investment. Maximizing the ownerââ¬â¢s wealth by ensuring good . Banks are socially responsible to the banking public, in general, and members of the community in which they are situated, in particular, in the following ways: Olanrewaju 025 â⬠¢ Development of the environment through provision of basic facilities like good drinking water, donations to development associations, bringing banking services to the rural areas, indigenous lending, etc. â⬠¢ Creation and maintenance of employment opportunities to qualified members of the community. This encourages loyalty, commitment and cooperation from the community. Participation in community activities, such as donations to community to celebrations, awarding scholarship to deserving members of the community, etc, and â⬠¢ Using the skills of employees to develop charitable goods and services. MODERN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Modern CSR was born during 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro when United Nations sponsored recommendatio ns on regulation were rejected in favour of a manifesto for voluntary self-regulation put forward by a coalition of companies called the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Its version of events was endorsed by the US, the UK and other Western governments. The British government for example, is still a vocal supporter of voluntarism. Such resistance to regulation seem to have left the worst corporate abusers effectively unrestrained and the victims of their actions adequate means of redress. Whatever responsible initiatives companies choose to carry out on their own behalf binding international standards of corporate behavior must be established to guarantee that the rights of people and the environment in developing countries like Nigeria are properly protected. It is hence recommended that there should be international regulation backed up by national legislation, to ensure the enforcement of real social responsibility on the corporate world. Introducing the threat of prosecution and legal action with resulting detailed disclosure of company documents would create powerful incentives for companies to behave responsibly. At a national level, Government should â⬠¢ Adopt new laws to make corporate social and environmental reporting and disclosure mandatory for British companies including the disclosure of payments to overseas government, information on the social and environmental impact of overseas operations and details of legal actions against companies. â⬠¢ Frame new responsibilities for companies directors to give them a ââ¬Ëduty of careââ¬â¢ for communities and their environment, making them legally accountable for the actions of their companies overseas. Change the law to enable people harmed by British companiesââ¬â¢ overseas operations to seek redress in UK court and to provide the resources to enable them do so. What Drives Corporate Social Responsibilities Defending public image If companies behave improperly, they can be got at through the court of international public opinion. The first CSR initiatives were a response to public pressure and media exposure of poor company b ehavior. CSR was supposed to show that companies were capable of cleaning up their act. Prof. Michael Porter of the Harvard Business School argues that CSR is all defensive effort, a PR games in which companies primarily react to deal with the critics and the pressure from activists. Attracting investors companies that proactively engage with sustainable development agenda and its advocate in the investment world should generate support, interest and understanding among investors. This will ultimately ascribe a premium to share price. CSR makes companies attractive to both mainstream investors and to the fast growing ethical-investment sector. Many investors now believe that social and environmental riskmanagement improves a companyââ¬â¢s market value in the long term. Permission to operate CSR has, of late become a vital component in companiesââ¬â¢ effort to gain approval for projects carrying significant political and social risks. Lobbying against regulations ââ¬Å"one of the key functions of CSR is to enable further deregulations by pointing to the involvement of business in ethical and sustainable activities and to indicate that multi-stakeholder dialogue with civil society obviates the need for binding regulationâ⬠(David Miller, Sterling Media Research Institute). I believe that companiesââ¬â¢ voluntary measures can help improve private-sector behavior. But voluntary activity is no substitute for regulation and there is evidence that companies that espouse voluntary approaches to meeting social and environmental standards are also involved in resisting external regulation, especially by government. Concept of corporate social responsibilities in Nigeria To be able to understand CSR from a Nigerian perspective it is of value to explore the drivers for, and 026 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. the history and development of CSR in Nigeria. The World Business Council for sustainable Development has discussed CSR with business and non-business stakeholders in a number of countries in the world with the objective of understanding local perspectives better and to get different perceptions of what CSR should mean from a number of different societies. (http:www. cecodes. org. co). One important finding in this study was that people were talking about the role of the private sector in relation to a social agenda and they saw that role as increasingly linked to the overall well-being of society. Therefore the chosen priorities differed according to the perception of local needs. The key CSR issues identified in the study included Human rights, Employee rights, Environmental protection, Community involvement and Supplier relations. The book ââ¬Å"Corporate Citizenship in Developing Countriesâ⬠(Pedersen and Huniche, 2006) contains a chapter about revisiting Carrollââ¬â¢s CSR pyramid from a Nigerian perspective. Most of the research on Carrollââ¬â¢s CSR pyramid has been in an American context and in this report an attempt is made to look on how CSR manifests itself in a Nigerian context. In Nigeria, economic responsibility still get the most emphasis while philanthropy is given second highest priority, followed by legal and then ethical responsibilities. According to the report there are many reasons for this. Firstly, the socio-economic needs of the Nigeria societies in which companies operate are so huge that philanthropy has become an expected norm. Companies also understand that they cannot succeed in societies that fail. Secondly, many Nigerian societies have become dependent on foreign aid and there is an ingrained culture of philanthropy in Nigeria. A third reason, according to the report, is that CSR is still at an early stage in Nigeria, sometimes even equating philanthropy. It is important to stress that in Nigeria philanthropy is more than charitable giving. HIV/AIDS is an example where the response by business is essentially philanthropic but clearly in companies own economic interests. The low priority for legal responsibilities is, according to the study, not due to the fact that Nigeria companies ignore the law but the pressure for governance and CSR is not so immense. Ethical perspective seems to have the least influence on the CSR agenda. This is not to say that African businesses are unethical. For example, the King Report in 2003 (http://www. corporate compliance. org) was the first global corporate governance code to talk about ââ¬Ëstakeholdersââ¬â¢ and to stress the importance of business accountability beyond the interests of shareholders. Ajadi (2006), in a conference paper on Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria delivered at British Council conference on CSR in Nigeria, 2006, specifies some additional specific drivers for CSR in Nigeria: The failure of centralized, government controlled economy to develop the country â⬠¢ The extraordinary transaction cost to business of corruption and other failures of social capital â⬠¢ The history of conflict and waste in the extractive industry exemplified by the Niger Delta saga â⬠¢ The Nigerian population whose majority is under the age of 25 and is largely ignored despite the fact that they are critical to the survival and future prosperity of business and the country at large. â⬠¢ The potential benefit of a commercially active and productive country of over 140 million potential consumers. The drivers for CSR in the west are to be found within areas such as increased brand value, greater access to finance, a healthier and safer workforce, stronger risk management and corporate governance, motivated people, customer loyalty, enhanced confidence and trust of stakeholders as well as enhanced public image. These drivers may not necessarily be applicable to Nigerian companies. Most indigenous companies in Nigeria are privately held, family owned and operated. Local consumer and civil society pressures are almost nonexistent and law enforcement mechanisms are weak. (Amaeshi, Adi, Ogbechie and Amao. 006). There are numerous ways of implementing CSR in an organization. CSR practices can address environmental issues, social issues or both. The implementation can be done by integrating CSR in the business or it can be run as a project. Sometimes there are CSR strategies and policies framing the CSR agenda, sometimes there are not. According to world Business Council for sustaina ble Development (Lohman and Steinholtz, 2003) an active CSR work might include areas such as: â⬠¢ The management of the organization clearly declares its views and obligations towards the society and its stakeholders. The organization develops and implements clear policies. â⬠¢ The organization has rules for purchasing including social and environmental concerns. â⬠¢ The organization reduces its ââ¬Å"ecological footprintsâ⬠, both in production and in the process of production. â⬠¢ The organization has objectives with regard to environmental and social concerns. â⬠¢ The organization shows an active engagement with regard to the development of its local society. â⬠¢ Consumers are educated on how products ought to be used. â⬠¢ The organization informs about all its different business areas in a transparent manner. For most businesses operating in Nigeria whether small or large, local or national, the transaction cost of operating is often unpredictable. At the heart of this difficulty is the obvious problem of operating in a low trust Olanrewaju 027 economy. For many businesses the cost of paying upfront on cash flow or delayed payment; the difficulty of investing in people development; the challenge of high volume cash transactions are all part of a severely eroded social capital. At the core of this issue is the role of business partnership with government and others to exemplify and model behaviors that restore optimism and improves trust. The challenges that face a business in Nigeria are unique because CSR can probably not be optional in such a climate. In a country where the social, health, education and environmental needs are so prevalent, where government resources are so stretched, where everyday people live on the breadline, business any other way is not only unethical, it is most probably not sustainable. Implementation of corporate social responsibilities in Nigeria Annually, limited liability companies in Nigeria give reports of their social responsibility efforts. These are in four major identifiable areas; viz: a. The immediate environment of the company where the interest of the neighbours of the given companies are taken care of as much as is practicable (Bello, 1988) b. Locating worthy national or state activities to support. In this respect, educational, sporting and cultural activities are sponsored by companies as forms of social responsibility. Also, scholarships, training facilities, and other forms of support are often provided for students. c. Responding to major disasters. Such disasters may originate from nature or it may be accidental like the bomb explosion at the Ikeja cantonment on Sunday, January 27, 2002. In the oil industry, there had been several reported cases of oil spills damage farmlands, crops, forests and water. Others like fire, flood, drought and erosion are also responded to. Various types of materials are made available to victims of such disasters. d. Diversification of activities to areas of importance in the nationââ¬â¢s economic development. For example, Guinness plc invested funds in two major eyeclinics in Nigeria, and Texaco Oil Producing and Marketing Company diversified into agricultural activities of cultivating cassava and processing Garri [Cassava flour]. Before the United Kingdom developed its CSR policy, Gordon Brown, prior to becoming the prime Minister said; today CSR goes far beyond the old philanthropy of the past, donating money to good causes at the end of the financial year and is instead an all year round responsibility that companies accept for the environment around themâ⬠¦ now we need to move towards a challenging measure of corporate responsibility, where we judge results not just by the input but by its outcomes: the difference we make to the world in which we live, and the contribution we make to poverty reductionâ⬠(Corporate Social Responsibility ââ¬â A Government Update: www. Csr. gov. uk). There is no doubt the committee saddled with the responsibility of developing a CSR policy for Nigeria will learn from the countries (especially developing ones) that have adopted and are implementing such policies successfully. Prior to the above declaration of the Federal Government, Nigeria did not have a CSR policy. Several companies operating here took the initiative to develop a CSR guideline or code for themselves. It is not out of place for a study to have found that indigenous firms perceive and practice CSR as corporate philanthropy aimed at addressing socio-economic development challenges in Nigeria. This finding confirms that CSR is a localized and socially embedded construct, as the ââ¬Ëwavesââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëissuesââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëmodesââ¬â¢ of CSR practices identified amongst indigenous firms in Nigeria reflect the firmsââ¬â¢ responses to their socio-economic contextâ⬠(Amaeshi et al: 2006) One of the leading telecommunication companies in Nigeria, MTN Nigeria, developed a CSR policy direction document in 2004 in conjunction with a consulting outfit. The company has since gone ahead to establish MTN Foundation to lead its CSR policy implementation locally. A search for Best Practices in Corporate Social Responsibility by indigenous firms in Nigeria by Dotun Atilade, mentioned that elements of social responsibility include investment in community outreach, employee relations, creation and maintenance of employment , environmental responsibility, human rights and financial performance. It is about producing and / or delivering socially and environmentally responsible products and /or services in an environmentally and socially responsible manner while openness, accountability and transparency are some of the new key words covering a vast range of issues. A sustained bench mark for studying CSR practice, as suggested by Moon (2002), emphasizes waves, issues and modes; ââ¬Ëwaves (1) community involvement (2) socially responsible production process and (3) socially responsible employee relations, issues CSR practices emphasizes e. g. nvironmental , education, employee welfare , health and safety and modes through which they are implemented e. g. philanthropy foundation and codes. The result of these activities has been discovered to be shaped by Nigerian corporate Governance framework and socio-economic conditions as reported in some research on the CSR activities of indigenous companies. The European Unionââ¬â¢s Green Paper on CSR defines it as a concept whereb y companies integrate social and environment concerns in their business operations and in 028 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. heir interactions with their stake holders on a voluntary base. Mark Maxwell and Siegel (2001) as actions that appears to further some social groups beyond the interest of the firm and that which is required by law while the CSR constructs is a new coinage, it is not a new practice. It could be traced back to such example as the th th Quakers in 17 and 18 Century whose business philosophy was not primarily driven by profits maximization but to add value to the society at large. Business was framed as part of the society and not separate from it. The resurgent interest in the practice provides a fertile ground for different discourses and actors which lends it to multiple and contested. (Moon, 2002). A common strand that runs through most of these studies suggests that meaning and practice of CSR is social culturally embedded. CSR in Nigeria would be aimed towards addressing the peculiarity of the social economic development challenges of the country (poverty alleviation, health care provision, infrastructure development, structure, education, etc and would be informed by social cultural influences (e. g. communalism and charity). This might not necessarily reflect the popular western standard/expectations of CSR (e. g. consumer protection, fair trade, green marketing, climate change concerns, and social responsible investments) etc. At Zenith Bank, Corporate Social Responsibility is not just a buzz word; itââ¬â¢s a way of life. To emphasize this belief Zenith Bank set up Zenith philanthropy, a fully functional department responsible for identifying areas, sectors and causes of the serving of philanthropic aid. Zenith philanthropy is the channel through which Zenith bank gives back to the society. Zenith bank sees giving back to society as a serious and passionate cause. Today CSR goes far beyond the old philanthropy of the past donating money to good causes at the end of the financial year, but rather, an all year round responsibility that companies accept the environment around them for the best working practices for their engagement in their local communities and for their local communities and for their recognition that brand names depends not only on quality, price and uniqueness but on how cumulatively they interact with companies work force community and environment. There are a lot of damages these companies are doing to the environment like local air pollution such as particulates, and the damage caused by the over-use and pollution of fresh water, the ââ¬Å"social impactsâ⬠such as the migration of people driven out of affected areas , the toxic waste heavy waters users like food, drink and clothing companies are releasing into the environment. The aim of this study is to encourage and help investors lobby companies to reduce their environmental impact before concerned governments act to restrict them through taxes or regulations. The companies can give up the excess profit now, if they want a world in which itââ¬â¢s possible to make any money at all, later. If we go on failing to put a price on the environment, weââ¬â¢ll make the planet uninhabitable. The entire basis for freedom and for a sound economy is that if you want something, you have to pay for it. And right now, weââ¬â¢re not paying for the environment, weââ¬â¢re taking from it. What happens when the resources we have effectively doled out for free run out? Weââ¬â¢re already getting an idea with the oceans, where CO2 pollution is making them so acid that it is literally dissolving the shells of shellfish and killing them off. Literally, Nigerian banking industry and telecommunication industry today operate in what can be described as the ââ¬Å"enemyââ¬â¢s territoryâ⬠, with hardly any identifiable friend in the polity. Everyone has an axe to grind with them, the fact that they are needed to foster individual and collective business growth notwithstanding. While government sees them as being selfish and responsible for most of the problems of the economy, the regulatory authorities look at them and their operators with suspicion. To the public, employees of banking industry and telecommunication are privileged, over-pampered and over-paid ââ¬Å"cheatsâ⬠and ââ¬Å"liarsâ⬠who thrive at the expense of the rest of the society. Banking industry and the telecommunication industry are seen as making ââ¬Å"hugeââ¬Å" profits in a depressed economy. In effect, they are milking the economy dry instead of growing it. This perception is in fact miles away from the impression of renowned economist of yester-years. They are believed to foster economic growth in any economy. Adams Smith (1910) left no doubt as to what the role of banks in economic growth should be. However, the allegations leveled against banking and telecommunication industries can never be wished away and these are impacting negatively on How to cite An Assessment of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility, Essay examples leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-34310280478410737292020-04-24T02:44:00.001-07:002020-04-24T02:44:03.151-07:00Zaeem Jamal Marketing Strategy Executive Summary Zaeem Jamal is a London based fashion designer who was recently named ââ¬Å"best new designer of the yearâ⬠at the Dubai fashion week. With shops located in the U.S., U.S. and Dubai, the Zaeem Jamal can be considered one of the latest up and coming high end fashion brands.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Zaeem Jamal Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company specializes in utilizing high end materials composed of silk and similar expensive fabrics to create ethereal dresses which Mr. Jamal states is akin to ââ¬Å"designing alchemy in motion.â⬠The dresses themselves are quite distinguishable from other brands located within London as evidenced by their extensive utilization of symbolism and ââ¬Å"magicâ⬠as defined by their designer. In essence, the dresses incorporate elements from multiple cultures such as Egypt, the Middle East and various aspects of Wes tern design elements in order to combine luxurious materials with present day aesthetic appeal while still retaining their old world details and symbols. Current Market Position While during the interview Mr. Jamal stated that: ââ¬Å"Our clients come form a wide range of backgrounds, with wide ranging spheres of influence globally. Discretion is a key element of the Zaeem Jamal bespoke service, but of course some of our clients in the public spotlight are naturally seen in the brand!â⬠. The fact is that in terms of popularity, the brand has a rather limited following that is based on word of mouth and lacks the extensive appeal that is associated with some of the more better known brands out there. Aside from this, the use of delicate materials and fabrics makes the outfits and accessories rather situational which limits their overall usability. Situation Analysis The main weakness of the Zaeem Jamal fashion brand is the fact that it is entering rather late ââ¬Å"into the gam eâ⬠so speak when taking into consideration the presence of numerous international fashion brands from Europe and even the U.S. When taking into consideration the amount of time these brands have had in establishing their respective markets it can be seen that Zaeem Jamal has a long way to go into terms of establishing a proper niche in an already overly saturated fashion market. Another of the inherent problems with the brand is that it lacks a Fall/Winter collection.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considering the fact that the U.K. is not a temperate country and often has extended periods of cold weather, this lack of a line of clothing that specifically caters to the local climate of the U.K. hampers the capacity of the brand to really take off locally since customers can only wear the outfits on a limited basis. Competitive Advantage Based on the interview conducte d with the proprietor of the Zaeem Jamal brand, it can be seen that the focus of the brand is oriented more towards wealthy high end consumers as evidenced by not only the price range of the gowns (1200 ââ¬â 2400 pounds) but also its bespoke couture items which range from 3000 ââ¬â 7000 pounds and beyond. The stylistic elements of the design itself are also oriented more towards women aged 30 and above due to the way in which the popular culture design of the dresses fit this particular age group. While it may not seem immediately apparent, the brand has a distinct competitive over local competitors due to the quality of the material (mostly silk), the uniqueness of the design (incorporating elements of Indian, Middle Eastern and Western designs) as well as the utilization of various international locations as their primary gown, dress, and outfit manufacturing locations. Adding to this is a recent report released by Mintel which indicates the population in the U.K. is exper iencing a boom in older consumers with higher rates of luxury good consumption between the ages of 35 to 55+. While such a shift would threaten most other brands that focus on younger clientele, Zaeem Jamal with its focus on high end luxury outfits specifically designed for this age set enables the company to position itself to take advantage of this growing consumer trend.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Zaeem Jamal Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brand Management Brand management for the company takes the form of making the products more ââ¬Å"uniqueâ⬠through elements that are considered ââ¬Å"magical and mysticalâ⬠by the designers. As explained through the interview with Zaeem Jamal: ââ¬Å"In a physical sense, each piece is transformed when all of our signature elements, including expert artistic hand craftsmanship, specially dyed colours, intricate embroidery and drapery b ased on the golden ratio are combined. Each piece incorporates energetic elements and symbology along with some secret touches and tweaks to enhance each dress, shoe and handbag to meet its highest possible form and purposeâ⬠. What this means is that the design elements utilized in the dresses and designs are unique and standout from the rest of the other shops and designers in terms of incorporating symbols from an assortment of cultures. This is one of the reasons why Zaeem Jamal was named ââ¬Å"best new designer of the year at the Dubai Fashion Weekâ⬠due to the distinctly ââ¬Å"mysticalâ⬠and ââ¬Å"fairytaleâ⬠type quality of the dresses that incorporate fashionable sophistication into the design. Strategic Positioning The strategic position strategy of the Zaeem Jamal brand does not focus on the exclusivity of the merchandise (though due to the price only a select few can actually afford it); rather, it focuses only the quality of the design and the mater ials as a means of distinguishing itself as a high end luxury clothing line. As explained by Mr. Jamal during the interview: ââ¬Å"As a luxury brand with a focus on craftsmanship excellence, we like to allow potential customers to have their own experience and interaction with our products and let them speak for them themselves. By feeling our silks, it is instantly apparent from the physical touch and sensation of wrapping it around oneself. ââ¬Å" By utilizing some of the finest silks and materials in the world and combining it with unique and what Mr. Jamal defines as ââ¬Å"mystical and sacred designsâ⬠, this helps to create a product that defines itself as artful elegance that stands out from the rest of the crowd in terms of how the designs incorporate the richest materials with a flowing and ethereal look.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sustainability When it came to the concept of sustainability, Mr. Jamal stated that: ââ¬Å"Sustainability is a wide term and can refer to many different elements and levels. As mentioned ââ¬â it would be depend on which specific area of sustainability and which line.â⬠While he did state that the brand would attempt to be one of the pioneers in sustainable fashion, the fact remains that it has not yet implemented such a strategy. Digital During the interview, Mr. Jamal mentioned that while the company did have elements of digital marketing (as seen in its website and videos) the fact of the matter is that they have not delved that much into this aspect of the marketing process. To explain why, Mr. Jamal stated that: ââ¬Å"However it is also worth noting that in the real luxury sector many of our customers continue to approach and wear the brand because they see the product in realityâ⬠. It is in the opinion of this report that while Mr. Jamal does have a point regard ing the sale of his products, the fact remains that neglecting digital marketing in an age where people are increasingly ââ¬Å"going digitalâ⬠is a severe problem that needs to be dealt with in the future through a digital marketing campaign. Entrepreneurial When examining the entrepreneurial activities of Mr. Jamal in terms of utilizing different material suppliers and designs, it can be stated that he has been very creative in terms of developing a product that has a great deal of aesthetic appeal. External Analysis Business Environment The current problem with the fashion market within the U.K. and European economies is the fact that consumer spending is at an all time low due to the 2008 ââ¬â present day economic downturn. Another global factor that should be taken into consideration when conducting business operations is the current debt crisis in Europe that was brought about through not only the reckless actions of various banks within region (as seen in the case of Ireland) but also through government mismanagement of finances (seen in the case of Greece) and exposure to a reckless housing market (the case of Spain) which has also adversely affected domestic manufacturing within the U.K. Such factors have taken a steep toll on the fashion market with up to 30% of profits effectively wiped out in period of 6 months immediately during the aftermath of the 2008 recession with only a marginal improvement on domestic sales within the U.K. and Europe since the latter half of 2012. While there has been a significant recovery in 2013 wherein the rate of sale of high end fashion goods has increased (25% since the start of the debt crisis), the fact remains that consumers within the U.K. are less willing to take risks when it comes to spending on high end goods. Opportunities and Recommendations for Fashion Marketing Fashion marketing for Zaeem Jamal will come in the form of developing a line of wool/fur cape/coats that is lacking in the companyââ¬â ¢s current line of designs. This strategy focuses on addressing a distinct limitation in the current clothing line of Zaeem Jamal due to the necessity of having winter coats given climate of the U.K. Do note though that based on the previous section on the current problems in the external luxury brand market within the U.K., creating a line of wool/fur capes may place them at a price range that is far too expensive to make an immediate profit. Not only that, there are also issues associated with animal rights activism within the U.K. which quite is active resulting in a plethora of negative publicity for the brand should it utilize actual fur from animals. It is based on this that the brand will focus on the development of faux (i.e. fake) fur and wool capes and coats utilizing sustainable methods of production. By utilizing faux fur and wool, this helps to cut down on the costs of the product and make it more ethical for customers to purchase. Promotion for the fur coats and wool w ill take the form of advertising campaigns that focus on presenting the Zaeem Jamal as focusing on ethical methods of high end fashion production which would definitely appeal to a large percentage of high end luxury fashion buyers who are becoming more increasingly concerned over the ethical production of goods and services. Example of Coat Designs Strategic Directions The strategic directions of the company will focus on developing different types of faux fur coats in order to appeal to wide range of possible consumer tastes. These will range from the full body thicker coats as seen in the second example to the lighter more practical coats that can be seen in the first example. By diversifying the thickness of the coats and the design that is utilized, the company will be able to appeal to a wider range of consumers resulting in a higher sales rate. Developing Competencies and Competitive Advantage With low consumer spending and an atmosphere of economic uncertainty which pervad es the domestic markets within the U.K., this has resulted in low sales revenues for non top tier brands such Zaeem Jamal (i.e. this refers to brands that are not within the same level of popularity as Channel, Dior, etc.). The fact is the current consumer market situation within the U.K. is not conducive towards sales and, as such, it is recommended that Zaeem Jamal attempt to shift its focus towards areas that are more conducive towards sales. One possible avenue of approach that was determined by this market strategy was to shift resources towards foreign markets which have not been as adversely affected by the current economic downturn and focus efforts there instead of in cathartic local markets (The rise of no-name designers, 2012). Asian markets such as those within China, Japan and the A.S.E.A.N (Association of South East Asian Nations) presented themselves as viable consumer markets due to the fact that despite the slowdown of various western economies, eastern economies ha ve actually grown on average by five to eight percent annually. This is due to the fact that as the expense of doing business within western nations rises companies start to shift their manufacturing operations to other countries with far lower operational expenses (Kaiser, 2005). In response to this, various businesses have focused on expanding their product promotion strategies into such regions (Pahl et al. 2007). Aside from Asia, other possible international consumer markets could be Australia, Canada, and even South America given the increase in economic activity within such countries/regions (Lipke, 2006). In order to accomplish this potential shift, it is the recommendation of this report that the Zaeem Jamal brand utilize online social networking as a means of product promotion and sale in order to access these new markets while continuing to maintain a presence within the U.K. PR Strategies: Short and Long Term Short Term Public Relations Strategy ââ¬â Promoting its New Line of Faux Fur Coats Mr. Jamal explained that one the companyââ¬â¢s current marketing strategies was the use of collaborations with different brands and advertising within publications. While such a method is effective, it is the recommendation of this report that in order to promote the new line of faux furs and coats, utilizing celebrities would be an effective way of doing so. Through the dynamics of public interest in pop culture that extends into the realm of fashion, people become increasingly fascinated with various T.V. personalities, movie stars, sports stars etc. to such an extent that they attempt to emulate them in every way possible (Hakala, 2011). This has the result of them buying clothing in the same style and color as their favorite celebrity, buy products which that particular celebrity uses and even drink the same type of drink they see a celebrity drinking (Boshoff Gerber, 2008). All of this conforms with the inherent notion that if a particular celebrity is using it then it must be good (Westerbeek Linley, 2012). Our Zaeem Jamal can exploit this by utilizing sponsorships in the form of endorsement deals by having certain celebrities wear the companyââ¬â¢s capes, dresses, accessories etc. Notable examples of this can be seen through British celebrities such as Victoria Beckham and her endorsement deal with Christian Dior, Chanel, etc., David Becham and his varied endorsement deals with Nike, EverLast and Gillette and lastly Naomi Campbell and her association with nearly hundreds of branding campaigns (Boshoff Gerber, 2008). The result of these endorsements has been to bring the branding and knowledge of the product beyond what can be seen in advertisements and print ads lending it an extra sense of credibility since audiences always see their favorite athletes utilizing that particular brand (Westerbeek Linley, 2012). Long Term Public Relations Strategy In the long term, Zaeem Jamal would need consumers to continuously buy its products and, as such, must rely on a certain degree of ââ¬Å"continued prolonged effectâ⬠of an endorsement deal in order to encourage product patronage and buying behavior (Seringhaus, 2005). The purpose of all company sponsored endorsement deals after all is to make celebrities into walking advertising billboards by connecting that athlete to the image of the brand. Various studies examining the impact of particular advertising campaigns on consumers show that by and large not all advertising campaigns have a prolonged period of impact on the mindset of consumers (Carrillat, Harris Lafferty, 2010). Taking this into consideration, it can also be assumed that not all business endorsement deals connected to particular celebrity/athlete have the desired effect of prolonged exposure as compared to billboards and commercials (Boshoff Gerber, 2008). In fact, it can even be stated that since celebrities do not always sport the brands they are suppose to be endorsing, this results in a situation where business sponsored endorsement deals tend to lose their effectiveness over time (Carrillat, Harris Lafferty, 2010). It is based on this that the long term strategy of the company should focus on bringing the Zaeem Jamal brand into the forefront of the publicââ¬â¢s consciousness. This can be achieved by establishing a contract with a local bank that supplies its clients with credit cards (Wang et al. 2013). Consumers love a bargain no matter the market demographic and some consumers continue to patronize the same types of stores for their purchasing needs (Gellers, 2004). With the holiday season closing in more customers will be using their credit cards more than before in order to make their purchases. By enabling local banks to send promotion material in connection with the Zaeem Jamal brand that enables consumers to purchase products from the store at reduced cost through a discount flyer or coupon, this will help to generate significant awareness of the brand to local consumers. Best of all, the company can utilize an already existing list of customers that it knows can afford its products since banks have different types of credit cards organized based on the affluence and credit limit of its clients (Nygaard, 2005). The company can just choose to concentrate its local marketing campaign on individuals with a history of expensive fashion item purchases as well as those with high credit card limits. It is expected that through this strategy Zaeem Jamal will be able to gain a significant amount of new clients and expand awareness of the brand. Conclusion What this report has shown is that while the products created by the Zaeem Jamal are of exquisite quality, the brand still needs to diversify its product range in order to take into consideration the climate of the U.K. The fact is that the brand really needs to develop a heavier set of coats in order to appeal to clients that would have to face the freezing temperatures that occur within the region from time to time. It should also be noted that traditionally, the buying and selling of products and services has always occurred either through a face to face transaction, a letter of intent or even a simple phone call where a person places an order and pays upon delivery. Yet due advances in technology where the scale and scope of the retail industry has come to encompass a global market place the traditional processes by which this industry has always followed has started to change. While Zaeem Jamal has continued to rely on word of mouth and advertisements in publications, it would definitely need to consider advertising through digital mediums given the current popularity of the internet and how it is a new frontier so to speak for the advertising and sale of luxury brands. Reference List Boshoff, C, Gerber, C 2008, ââ¬ËSponsorship recall and recognition: The case of the 2007 Cricket World Cupââ¬â¢, South African Journal Of Business Management, vol. 39 , no. 2, pp. 1-8. Carrillat, F, Harris, E, Lafferty, B 2010, ââ¬ËFortuitous brand image transferââ¬â¢,à Journal Of Advertising, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 109-123. Gellers, S 2004, ââ¬ËLiving the Lush, Affordable Luxury Lifeââ¬â¢, DNR: Daily News Record, vol. 34, no. 33, p. 52, Hakala, K 2011, ââ¬ËSponsorship: Leap Taking a Daring Leap. ABA Bank Marketing, vol. 43, no. 1, p. 38. Kaiser, A 2005, ââ¬ËRussia, Middle East Have Luxe Potentialââ¬â¢, DNR: Daily News Record, vol. 35, no. 26, p. 6 Lipke, D 2006, ââ¬ËPenguin Targeting Luxury Retailersââ¬â¢, DNR: Daily News Record, vol. 36, no. 4, p. 20 Nygaard, S 2005, ââ¬ËKenneth Cole Stakes Out Luxury Territoryââ¬â¢, DNR: Daily News Record, vol. 35, no. 25, p. 11 Pahl, D, Lloyd, B, Wilhelm, M, Harmon, A, Vargo, J 2007, ââ¬ËRetailers await last-minute surge stores report strong sales of cashmere sweaters, leather jackets and luxury topcoats as consumers procrastinateââ¬â¢, DNR: Daily News Record, vol. 37, no. 51, p. 12 Seringhaus, F 2005, ââ¬ËSelling Luxury Brands Onlineââ¬â¢, Journal Of Internet Commerce, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 1 ââ¬ËThe rise of no-name designersââ¬â¢ 2012, Economist, vol. 405, no. 8808, p. 68, Wang, X, Chow, C, Luk, C 2013, ââ¬ËDoes Service Employee Arrogance Discourage Sales of Luxury Brands in Emerging Economies?ââ¬â¢, Psychology Marketing, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 918-933 Westerbeek, H, Linley, M 2012, ââ¬ËSponsorship and branding: Research paper Building city brands through sport events: Theoretical and empirical perspectivesââ¬â¢, Journal Of Brand Strategy, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 193-205. This essay on Zaeem Jamal Marketing Strategy was written and submitted by user Davis Livingston to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-52576043325912599972020-03-17T19:35:00.001-07:002020-03-17T19:35:02.729-07:003 Good Study Habits for College Students by Lauren Gartner3 Good Study Habits for College Students by Lauren Gartner 3 Habits of Top Students You Should Grow Students who possess good study habits are more likely to have better grades than students who donââ¬â¢t. They are also less likely to suffer from school related anxiety. This is largely due to the fact that they are less likely to fall behind, or to realize at the last minute they donââ¬â¢t understand something. There are some good study habits that apply to students of all ages. Presumably most people reading this know most, if not all of these. What this posting is going to discuss is a few specific study habits for college students. These 3 good study habits for college students are sure to help students start the school year on the right track. Donââ¬â¢t Toss Homework Assignments, Tests, or Quizzes Save these, and take the time to correct wrong answers if your professor hasnââ¬â¢t done so already. Highlight items that are particularly important or that you found most difficult. Then, stick them in a binder with a tab that indicates the specific subject each one covers. When you are finished, what you will have is your own study guide for the class. This is perfect for studying for your final exam. If you would rather not keep paper copies, scan them into your smartphone, and organize them with a note taking app. Youââ¬â¢ll still have a study guide, and youââ¬â¢ll be able to take it with you wherever you go. Donââ¬â¢t wait for Down Time to Study If you wait until you have the opportunity to be at your desk in a quiet bedroom, apartment, or dorm room to study, you will never get any studying done. Your residence hall will always be noisy, youââ¬â¢ll always have someplace that you need to be. You may have had a block of time every evening in high school where your parents made sure that you had a quiet and distraction free place to study. Nobody is going to guarantee you a distraction free study area in college, and thereââ¬â¢s a good chance that you wonââ¬â¢t have a block of time each evening. So, get an app to organize your study notes. Study while you eat your lunch. Review your notes while you ride the bus to work. Do you have 20 minutes between classes? Squeeze in some study time. In fact, studying in short bursts like this may help you to retain information for longer periods of time. Emulate the Study Habits of the Busiest Students It may seem logical to emulate the study habits of students who get the best grades. In reality, however, these students often have horrible study habits. This is because many of them simply donââ¬â¢t need to study. They just pick things up naturally. In other instances, these students study obsessively and unhealthily. The best study habits are often displayed by college students who manage to maintain respectable grades while leading exceptionally busy social and work lives. If you want to learn how to improve study habits, these are the people to ask. leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-63713327018230862482020-03-01T11:21:00.001-08:002020-03-01T11:21:02.600-08:00Connotation (of Words) - Definition and ExamplesConnotation (of Words) s Connotation refers to the emotional implications and associations that a word may carry, in contrast to its denotative (or literal) meanings. Verb: connote. Adjective: connotative. Also called intension or sense. The connotation of a word can be positive, negative, or neutral. It can also be either cultural or personal. Heres an example: To most people the word cruise connotessuggestsa delightful holiday; thus its cultural connotation is positive. If you get seasick, however, the word may connote only discomfort to you; your personal connotation is negative.(Vocabulary by Doing, 2001) In his book Patterns and Meanings (1998), Alan Partington observes that connotation is a problem area for learners of a language: [Because] it is an important mechanism for the expression of attitude, it is of paramount importance that learners be aware of it in order to grasp the illocutionary intent of messages. Etymology:à From the Latin, mark along with Examples and Observations In the East the wilderness has no evil connotation; it is thought of as an expression of the unity and harmony of the universe.(William O. Douglas)Exercise addiction.It sounds like an oxymoronexercise has a healthy connotation, while addiction sounds negative.But experts are seeing some people abuse a healthy lifestyleand for one Los Angeles woman, the addiction lasted nearly 20 years.(Jessica Ryen Doyle, Woman Battles Exercise Addiction for Nearly 20 Years. Fox News.com, October 17, 2012)In the real world, procrastination has a negative connotation.People who leave things to the last minute are often characterized as lazy, unprepared and inefficient.In professional sports, though, procrastination isnââ¬â¢t a label to be ashamed about. In fact, putting things off until the last possible moment might be the sign of a true champion.(Ian Mendes, Procrastinate Like a Champion. Ottawa Citizen, October 15, 2012)Debt is a four letter word. For many people it has the same connotation as m any other four letter words. However, not all debt is bad. . . . In general terms good debt is defined as debt that allows someone to invest in the future such as business loans, student loans, mortgages and real estate loans.(How to Know When Debt Is a Four Letter Word. MarketWatch, October 17, 2012) Stimulus is Washington talk, said Rahm Emanuel, the coming White House chief of staff with a sandpapered-fingertip sensitivity to the familiar connotation of words. Economic recovery is how the American people think of it.(William Safire, Recovery. The New York Times, Dec. 12, 2008)Synonyms and ConnotationsA group of synonyms cannot by definition be distinguished in terms of their denotation, but they usually display noticeable differences of connotation, as in the case of car, automobile, runabout, buggy, banger, bus, hot rod, jalopy, old crock, racer, and so on.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003)A Rose by Any Other Name- Mr. Powers: Jones. I dont like that name. Its going to handicap you, young man. Now wait a minute. Ive got some sort of a name here. Yes. Haverstock. Huntley Haverstock. Sounds a little more important, dont you think, Mr. Fisher?Mr. Fisher: Oh, yes, yes. Very dashing.Mr. Powers: . . . Well, speak up young man. You dont mind being Huntley Haverstock, do you?Johnny Jones: A rose by any name, sir.(Harry Davenport, George Sanders, and Joel McCrea in Foreign Correspondent, 1940)- Whatââ¬â¢s Montague? it is nor hand, nor foot,Nor arm, nor face, nor any other partBelonging to a man. O! be some other name:Whatââ¬â¢s in a name? that which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet.(Juliet in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare)- Lisa: A rose by any other name smells as sweet.Bart: Not if you call them Stench Blossoms.(The Simpsons) Light CigarettesAltria said it had used terms like light as well as packaging colors to connote different tastes, not safety. But study after studyincluding ones by the industry disclosed in tobacco lawsuitshas shown consumers believe the terms and colors connote a safer product.(Duff Wilson, Coded to Obey Law, Lights Become Marlboro Gold. The New York Times, Feb. 18, 2010)Pork Butt or Boston Roast?In an effort to boost sales going into the grilling season and make shopping at the meat counter a bit easier, the pork and beef industries are retooling more than 350 names of meat cuts to give them more sizzle and consumer appeal. . . .[By summer,] the pork chop will be gone. Instead, grocery retailers could be stocking stacks of porterhouse chops, ribeye chops and New York chops. The pork butt which actually comes from shoulder meatwill be called a Boston roast.(New Meat Names Mean Bye Bye, Pork Chop; Hello, Ribeye. Chicago Tribune, April 10, 2013)ReservationThe name reservation has a negative connotation among Native Americansan intern camp of sorts.(John Russell) TribeSince tribe has assumed a connotation of primitiveness or backwardness, it is suggested that the use of nation or people replace the term whenever possible in referring to Native American peoples.(R. B. Moore, Racism in the English Language, in The Production of Reality, ed. J. OBrien, 2005)Socialism and Capitalism[For many], socialism implies egalitarianism and that people are living for society, while capitalism has been given the connotation of materialism, greedy, selfish, self-serving, and so on.(Milton Friedman)Denotation and Connotation in a Poem by E.A. RobinsonIn the following poem by Edwin Arlington Robinson, distinguish between the denotative and connotative meanings of the words in italics.Richard Cory (1897)Whenever Richard Cory went down town,We people on the pavement looked at him:He was a gentleman from sole to crown,Clean favored, and imperially slim.And he was always quietly arrayed,And he was always human when he talked;But still he fluttered pulses when he sa id,Good-morning, and he glittered when he walked.And he was richyes, richer than a king,And admirably schooled in every grace:In fine, we thought that he was everythingTo make us wish that we were in his place.So on we worked, and waited for the light,And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,Went home and put a bullet through his head. Denotation and Connotation in a Poem by Henry David ThoreauIn the following poem we have italicized a number of key words whose connotative meaning directs our response to the images. Although the poem is mostly imagesthe overt commentary is confined to the first two linesthe poets attitude is anything but neutral.Pray to What Earth Does This Sweet Cold Belongby Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)Pray to what earth does this sweet cold belong,Which asks no duties and no conscience?The moon goes up by leaps, her cheerful pathIn some far summer stratum of the sky,While stars with their cold shine bedot her way.The fields gleam mildly back upon the sky,And far and near upon the leafless shrubsThe snow dust still emits a silver light.Under the hedge, where drift banks are their screen,The titmice now pursue their downy dreams,As often in the sweltering summer nightsThe bee doth drop asleep in the flower cup,When evening overtakes him with his load.By the brooksides, in the still, genial ni ght,The more adventurous wanderer may hearThe crystals shoot and form, and winter slowIncrease his rule by gentlest summer means.(David Bergman and Daniel Mark Epstein, The Heath Guide to Literature. D.C. Heath, 1984) The Lighter Side of Connotations: Purses and HandbagsWhy is it a handbag instead of a purse?The General simultaneously rolled her eyes and released a tired sigh. A purse is a cheap, plastic discount store thing. A handbag is what contemporary, fashion-conscious women carry. And thats what we sell. Expensive designer handbags. An assortment of the latest trends and must-have famous names. They are handbags and you need to refer to them that way. You can say bag for short, but never, ever, ever say the word purse Its an insult to the exclusive designers we carry. Got it?Got it.But I didnt really get it. The whole thing sounded kind of snooty and stupid.(Freeman Hall, Retail Hell: How I Sold My Soul to the Store. Adams Media, 2009)The Lighter Side of Connotations: PantiesTheres a certain light connotation attached to the word panties. Can we find another name for them?(Joseph N. Welch as Judge Weaver in Anatomy of a Murder, 1959) Pronunciation: kon-no-TAY-shun Also known as: affective meaning, intensional meaning Also see: Choosing the Best Words: Denotations and ConnotationsAssociative MeaningBertrand Russell on the Connotative Power of WordsConceptual MeaningCommonly Confused Words:à Connotationà andà DenotationCommonly Confused Words:à Connoteà andà DenoteDysphemismà andà EuphemismGlittering GeneralitiesLoaded WordsOrthophemismParadiastolePejorative LanguagePhonaestheticsReflected MeaningSemanticsSemioticsSnarl Words Purr WordsSubtextSynonymà andà SynonymyUsage NoteWord ChoiceWriters on Writing: Ten Tips for Finding the Right Words leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-84748032968678153562020-02-14T02:47:00.001-08:002020-02-14T02:47:02.339-08:00Hume's analysis of the process by which we make causal judgments Essay - 1Hume's analysis of the process by which we make causal judgments - Essay Example This paper is going to discuss Humeââ¬â¢s analysis of the process by which we make causal judgments. Causality can be defined as the relationship between an object and a fact; it is among the most recognized ideas that we have. Causality is involved in almost all undertakings or human way of thinking; it is assumed in every argument and sensible actions. It is considered a beneficial idea in all areas of philosophy including philosophy science from the time of ancient Greeks to present. Hume as a philosopher, he defines causality as something that clinches things together. Knowing what causes are assists us to know how minds might or might not relate to bodies, how bodies might approach to create changes in other bodies, how thoughts might or might not influence deeds and how free they might or might not work. Therefore, all human beings are naturally attributed to certain occurrences of causal actions upon others. This means that whenever there is change in something, there is a quality that disappears, and another one appears, and the source of these changes is cause. In other wo rds, for every quality produced as a result of change, there is a cause for that. Many changes occur due to the relation between change and cause. Hence, this natural acknowledgement of the association between cause and effect to occurrences is at the forefront of all the philosophical declaration and analysis. There are characteristics that help to differentiate the causal relations in the universe, which include non- anthropomorphic, uniformity and determinism. Non ââ¬â anthropomorphic, causal relation means a name given to change, and that in causal correlation wishes, purpose and desires are never mentioned. Uniformity describes causal relations as unchanging habits between facts, on the other hand, determinism characteristics emphasize that there is a connection between a cause and an effect. Meaning causality is prejudiced by the presence of other leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-65322383903798597242020-02-01T15:43:00.001-08:002020-02-01T15:43:04.312-08:00Theories Of Drug Abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsTheories Of Drug Abuse - Research Paper Example The strain/ anomie theory explains that people resort to drug abuse when they fail to achieve success in society. The society is competitive and achievement-oriented and those who fail to succeed come up with unusual mechanisms to handle failure. When these mechanisms also fail, they resort to drug abuse. The social control theory explains that individuals get involved in drug abuse because of lack of societal rules encouraging conventionality. If these rules are weak, individuals will adopt unconventional behavior including drug abuse. Greater involvement in conventional activities reduces the likelihood of involvement in activities like drug abuse. The self-control theory suggests that individuals abuse drugs because of lack of self-control, caused by the inability of the society or parents to control the behavior of their children. People abuse drugs because there is no custodian to stop them (Kaplan, Martin and Robbins, 1984). The social learning theory suggests that people learn good or bad behavior depending on the groups they interact with. Interacting with groups that reward and reinforce drug use leads to adoption of the behavior. The subcultural theory explains that interacting with social groups that encourage drug use leads to an individualââ¬â¢s adoption of the habit while the individual gets discouraged from the habit by interacting with groups that discourage drug use (Hanson, Venturelli and Fleckenstein, 2011). Selective interaction theory suggests that individuals are attracted to particular drug using groups because their principles and beliefs are harmonious with those of drug users. The conflict theory explains that drug abuse is related to the power and social class of individuals. The rich and powerful individuals are less likely to be involved in drug use than the lower class and low-earning individuals. The poor resort to selling drugs as a source of livelihood. Drug dealing flouris hes in poor communities (Mooney, leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-38384619138077756572020-01-24T12:07:00.001-08:002020-01-24T12:07:03.128-08:00Permeability of Beetroot Cell Membranes Essay -- Biology Science ExperPermeability of Beetroot Cell Membranes An experiment to investigate how temperature affects the Permeability of beetroot cell membranes Interpretation of Results: 0à °C 20à °C 30à °C 40à °C 55à °C 0.24 0.28 0.75 0.79 0.22 0.26 0.35 0.41 0.81 From 0à °C to 30à °C there is a gradual increase of absorbency which shows that as the temperature increases it is denaturing the cell wall and cell membrane and allowing the beetroot pigment to leek out into the distilled water. As soon as the sample of beetroot is placed into the distilled water diffusion occurs naturally, which is the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration (beetroot sample) to a region of low concentration (distilled water). From 40à °C upwards there is a sudden increase of absorbency, this is because the optimum temperature of which enzymes and cells can work at is 37à °C and as soon as you go above this temperature it will cause the enzymes and cells to denature and cease from working as effectively. Even if you then lower the temperature again the cell will not regain its original shape. Within the phospholipid bi-layer there are proteins, and these proteins are made up of polypeptide chains which are joined together by hydrogen, hydrophobic and peptide bonds. Once the temperature has increased above 40à °C the molecules vibrate so energetically that these bonds break easily and therefore creating holes within the cell wall and phospholipid bi-layer, and al... leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-66633858509117375082020-01-16T08:31:00.001-08:002020-01-16T08:31:04.460-08:00Evaluation EssayElan Brannan Evaluation Essay October 26, 2012 Toyota Camry vs. Honda Accord All across America millions of people search for a vehicle to keep them safe while driving. But that isnââ¬â¢t all car consumers look for, car buyers want style, comfort, and most importantly a smooth calming ride. For many years consumers have been comparing two top rated cars, the Toyota Camry and the Honda Accord. Both cars excellent in ratings all across the board however, the Toyota Camry is the number one best safety pick in its class.Looking at both cars history one might decide to choose the Camry because of its long list of positives, but the Honda Accord in the recent year has stepped up the quality. The Honda Accord has improved seats, now with better back support along with more space and better views from the windows. All qualities consumers have come to love. The Honda Accord is the best overall sedan when compared to the Toyota Camry. At first look the design of a car can be intriguing and exciting. The Honda Accord does just that by offering sleeker and bolder abilities with the outstanding new technology. Both models offer Bluetooth, hands free calling and audio streaming but Honda has gone well beyond that, also offering SMS text capability, Pandora audio streaming, dual-zone climate control and an eight inch i-MID displayâ⬠(Halverson). Honda also took the time to redesign the back seats. The seats are now higher so the passenger can have an easier time looking out the window. The 2012 Camry was redesigned to compete with the Honda. Camryââ¬â¢s have always looked boring compared to the bold design of an Accord. According to Halvorson, although the changes were so subtle and evolutionary they might not have even been noticed.The new 2013 design of the Accord does look a slightly more exciting and better proportioned on the outside, with more of a premium look inside. The design of the Camry has put itself back in the race with the Accord. With a better look maybe more customers are stopping to look at the Camry instead. The design of the Honda Accord speaks for itself but there are more advantages car buyers want to take a look at. Fuel economy is another big factor when buying a car. The Toyota Camry beats Honda in fuel economy, a whopping 43 mpg city and 39 highway however, the Accord offers a lot under the hood. The Accord earns an excellent 27/36 mpg with its new direct-injection four-cylinder and continuously variable automatic transmission (CVT), while the four-cylinder Camry gets 25/35 at best. V-6 Accords are especially smart and efficient, with ratings of 21/34, while Camry V-6 models stand at 21/30â⬠(Halverson). For someone who likes a little bit more edge when driving, the Honda is a better choice. When looking at the hybrid models Honda does not yet have anything planned to release to the market until 2014 but they are expected to do well.Camry is not the leader in hybrid cars but they are doing very well right now. Ne vertheless comfort is always must! A comfortable ride can be a deal breaker. Whether it is commuting or taking the kids to a soccer game the new back support technology and more space for your legs is making this car seem perfect. Also, the Honda Accord offers noise control to keep all of those outside noises out for an even more comfortable drive. ââ¬Å"So theyââ¬â¢re among the better choices for carrying adults in the back seat.With its rather low beltline and a little more slide glass, the Accord offers a slightly better view outward for those in back-possibly eliminating the need for Dramamineâ⬠(Halverson). As for the Toyota Camry, it was proven to be the overall best drive, when it comes to bumps and being on the freeway. The Camry does not have noise control but it does have insulation proven to make the car ride less noisy and the car ride feel more peaceful. Both cars come so close in quality but what about quantity. Which one costs more? Every car can have all the bells and whistles but what is that going to cost?The Honda Accord wins here too, but not by much. The price for a 2012 Honda Accord is $21,680 and the Toyota Camry is $22,055. Looking at both cars they compare quite nicely. Although there are many similarities, the differences are what set these two cars apart. The Toyota Camry is a smoother ride, safer and its fuel economy is amazing. The Honda Accord offers more technology, comfort and better driving capability. Both cars have been recently redesigned and have added upgrades. The Accord is a better car because of its less expensive price and complete package of a car.There is nothing this car doesnââ¬â¢t offer. Yes, the Camry does go beyond safe and reliable but the Accord is not far behind. For the price of a Camry youââ¬â¢re getting safety, but for the price of an Accord youââ¬â¢re getting safety and style (Halverson). Overall the Honda is a better car; the company offers more amenities as well as a more modern feel. B y offering more space and different technology the Honda wins best overall car when compared to Toyota Camry. Works Cited Halverson, Bengt. ââ¬Å"Toyota Camry vs. Honda Accord Compare Carsâ⬠. The Car Connection. N. d. September 11, 2012. October 24, 2012. leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-1916490889120492112020-01-08T04:54:00.001-08:002020-01-08T04:54:03.756-08:00French Wine Pronunciation If you love French wine but hate ordering it, heres a page that can help. This list of French wines and related vocabulary includes sound files to help you pronounce the names of French wines. A la và ´treà !le vinà à à winele vin blancà à à white winele vin rosà ©Ã à à rosà © winele vin rougeà à à red wineun verreà à à glassune bouteilleà à à bottleune dà ©gustation de vinà à à wine tasting(learn more)French WinesArmagnacBeaujolais nouveauBordeauxBourgogneà à à (burgundy)Cabernet sauvignonChablisChampagneChà ¢teauneuf-du-PapeChenin blancCognacMà ©docMerlotMuscatPinot blancPinot grisPinot noirPomerolPouilly-Fuissà ©SancerreSauternesSauvignon blancSà ©millonSt Ãâ°milionViognierVouvrayGo on to page 2 to learn some French wine tasting terms.Related Articles Wine festival in Hyà ¨res French Expressions Ã⬠la và ´tre !Mettre de leau dans son vinLe nouveau est arrivà © Now that you know how to pronounce French wine and have ordered it, what next? There is a whole science to wine, called oenology, that analyzes everything from making wine to tasting wine. The latter is the most important part for consumers, so here are some terms to help you talk about what youre drinking.La dà ©gustation de vin , or wine tasting, can be summed up into three steps.1. La robe - AppearanceBefore you take even one sip, look at the wine and consider its color, clarity, and consistency. Here are some French terms to help you describe what you see.La couleur - ColorIn addition to obvious colors like rouge (red) and blanc (white), you might see ambrà © - amberbrun - browncarmin - crimsoncuivrà © - copperydorà © - goldenjaunà ¢tre - yellowishorangà © - orangeypaille - strawpourpre - scarletrose saumon - salmon pinkrubis - rubyverdà ¢tre - greenishviolacà © - purplishclair - lightfoncà © - darkpà ¢le - paleprofond - deep La clartà © brillant - brilliantbrumeux - mistyclair - clearcristallin - crystal-clearopaque - opaqueun reflet - glintterne - dulltrouble - muddy La consistance des bulles - bubblesdes dà ©pà ´ts - sedimentdes jambes, larmes - legs or tears; how the wine flows down the sides of the glassde la mousse - foam, bubbles 2. Le nez - Smellles arà ´mesFrench food vocabularyfruità ©và ©gà ©talfruits and vegetablesagrumesfruits rougespamplemousseartichautchampignonsflorallavandejasminvioletteun goà »t de chà ¢taignenoisettenoixà ©picà ©poivrecannellemuscadeherbacà ©rà ©glissethymmenthe boisà © - woodybrà »là © - burnt tastecacao - cocoacafà © - coffeecà ¨dre - cedarcharnu - meatychocolat - chocolatefoin - hayfumà © - smokymà ©dicinal - medicinalminà ©ral - mineralmusquà © - muskyparfumà © - fragrantpin - pinerà ©sinà © - resinoustabac - tobaccoterreux - earthythà © - teavanille - vanilla un dà ©faut bouchonnà © - corkedmildiousà © - mildewedmoisi - moldy, mustyoxydà © - oxidized 3. La bouche - Taste acerbe - tartacide - acidicaigre - souraigu - sharpamer - bitterun arrià ¨re-goà »t - aftertastebien à ©quilibrà © - well balanceddoux - sweetfrais - freshfruità © - fruityun goà »t - tastela longueur / persistance en bouche - time the flavor remains in your mouth after swallowingmoelleux - sugaryune note - hintplat - flatrond - mildrude - harshsalà © - saltyune saveur - flavorsec - drysucrà © - sweetapercevoir - to perceiveavaler - to swallowboire - to drinkcracher - to spit outfaire tourner le vin dans le verre - to swirl the wine in the glassincliner - to tilt (the glass)remarquer - to noticesiroter - to sipvoir - to see How to Taste Wines leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-88920593403267784222019-12-31T01:20:00.001-08:002019-12-31T01:20:03.302-08:00Rhetorical Analysis of E B. Whites The Ring of Time One way to develop our own essay-writing skills is to examine how professional writers achieve a range of different effects in their essays. Such a study is called a rhetorical analysis--or, to use Richard Lanhams more fanciful term, a lemon squeezer. The sample rhetorical analysis that follows takes a look at an essay by E. B. White titled The Ring of Time--found in our Essay Sampler: Models of Good Writing (Part 4) and accompanied by a reading quiz. But first a word of caution. Dont be put off by the numerous grammatical and rhetorical terms in this analysis: some (such as adjective clause and appositive, metaphor and simile) may already be familiar to you; others can be deduced from the context; all are defined in our Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms. That said, if you have already read The Ring of Time, you should be able to skip over the stranger looking terms and still follow the key points raised in this rhetorical analysis. After reading this sample analysis, try applying some of the strategies in a study of your own. See our Tool Kit for Rhetorical Analysis and Discussion Questions for Rhetorical Analysis: Ten Topics for Review. The Rider and the Writer in "The Ring of Time": A Rhetorical Analysis In The Ring of Time, an essay set in the gloomy winter quarters of a circus, E. B. White appears not yet to have learned the first piece of advice he was to impart a few years later in The Elements of Style: Write in a way that draws the readers attention to the sense and substance of the writing, rather than to the mood and temper of the author. . . .[T]o achieve style, begin by affecting none--that is, place yourself in the background. (70) Far from keeping to the background in his essay, White steps into the ring to signal his intentions, reveal his emotions, and confess his artistic failure. Indeed, the sense and substance of The Ring of Time are inextricable from the authors mood and temper (or ethos). Thus, the essay may be read as a study of the styles of two performers: a young circus rider and her self-conscious recording secretary. In Whites opening paragraph, a mood-setting prelude, the two main characters stay hidden in the wings: the practice ring is occupied by the young riders foil, a middle-aged woman in a conical straw hat; the narrator (submerged in the plural pronoun we) assumes the languorous attitude of the crowd. The attentive stylist, however, is already performing, evoking a hypnotic charm that invite[s] boredom. In the abrupt opening sentence, active verbs and verbals carry an evenly measured report: After the lions had returned to their cages, creeping angrily through the chutes, a little bunch of us drifted away and into an open doorway nearby, where we stood for awhile in semidarkness, watching a big brown circus horse go harumphing around the practice ring. The metonymic harumphing is delightfully onomatopoetic, suggesting not only the sound of the horse but also the vague dissatisfaction felt by the onlookers. Indeed, the charm of this sentence resides primarily in its subtle sound effects: the alliterative cages, creeping and big brown; the assonant through the chutes; and the homoioteleuton of away . . . doorway. In Whites prose, such sound patterns appear frequently but unobtrusively, muted as they are by aà diction that is commonly informal, at times colloquial (a little bunch of us and, later, we kibitzers). Informal diction also serves to disguise the formality of the syntactic patterns favored by White, represented in this opening sentence by the balanced arrangement of the subordinate clause and present participial phrase on either side of the main clause. The use of informal (though precise and melodious) diction embraced by an evenly measured syntax gives Whites prose both the conversational ease of the running style and the controlled emphasis of the periodic.à It is no accident, therefore, that his first sentence begins with a time marker (after) and ends with the central metaphor of the essay--ring. In between, we learn that the spectators are standing in semidarkness, thus anticipating the bedazzlement of a circus rider to follow and the illuminating metaphor in the essays final line. White adopts a more paratactic style in the remainder of the opening paragraph, thus both reflecting and blending the dullness of the repetitious routine and the languor felt by the onlookers. The quasi-technical description in the fourth sentence, with its pair of prepositionally embedded adjective clauses (by which . . .; of which . . .) and its Latinate diction (career, radius, circumference, accommodate, maximum), is notable for its efficiency rather than its spirit. Three sentences later, in a yawning tricolon, the speaker draws together his unfelt observations, maintaining his role as spokesman for a dollar-conscious crowd of thrill-seekers. But at this point, the reader may begin to suspect the irony underlying the narrators identification with the crowd. Lurking behind the mask of we is an I: one who has elected not to describe those entertaining lions in any detail, one who, in fact, does want more . . . for a dollar. Immediately, then, in the opening sentence of the second paragraph, the narrator forsakes the role of group spokesman (Behindà meà I heard someone say . . . ) as a low voice responds to theà rhetorical questionà at the end of the first paragraph. Thus, the two main characters of the essay appear simultaneously: the independent voice of the narrator emerging from the crowd; the girl emerging from the darkness (in a dramaticà appositiveà in the next sentence) and--with quick distinction--emerging likewise from the company of her peers (any of two or three dozen showgirls). Vigorous verbs dramatize the girls arrival: she squeezed, spoke, stepped, gave, and swung. Replacing the dry and efficientà adjective clausesà of the first paragraph are far more activeà adverb clauses,à absolutes, andà participial phrases. The girl is adorned with sensuousà epithetsà (cleverly proportioned, deeply browned by the sun, dusty, eager, and almost naked) and greeted with the musi c ofà alliterationà andà assonanceà (her dirty little feet fighting, new note, quick distinction). The paragraph concludes, once again, with the image of the circling horse; now, however, the young girl has taken the place of her mother, and the independent narrator has replaced theà voiceà of the crowd. Finally, the chanting that ends the paragraph prepares us for the enchantment soon to follow. But in the nextà paragraph, the girls ride is momentarily interrupted as the writer steps forward to introduce his own performance--to serve as his own ringmaster. He begins by defining his role as a mere recording secretary, but soon, through theà antanaclasisà of . . . a circus rider. As a writingà man ...à ., he parallels his task with that of the circus performer. Like her, he belongs to a select society; but, again like her, this particular performance is distinctive (it is not easy to communicate anything of this nature). In aà paradoxicalà tetracolon climaxà midway through the paragraph, the writer describes both his own world and that of the circus performer: Out of its wild disorder comes order; from its rank smell rises the good aroma of courage and daring; out of its preliminary shabbiness comes the final splendor. And buried in the familiar boasts of its advance agents lies the modesty of most of its people. Such observations echo Whites remarks in the preface toà A Subtreasury of American Humor: Here, then, is the very nub of the conflict: the careful form of art, and the careless shape of life itself (Essaysà 245). Continuing in the third paragraph, by way of earnestly repeated phrases (at its best . . . at its best) and structures (always bigger . . . always greater), the narrator arrives at his charge: to catch the circus unawares to experience its full impact and share its gaudy dream. And yet, the magic and enchantment of the riders actions cannot be captured by the writer; instead, they must be created through the medium of language. Thus, having called attention to his responsibilities as an essayist, White invites the reader to observe and judge his own performance as well as that of the circus girl he has set out to describe.à Style--of the rider, of the writer--has become the subject of the essay. The bond between the two performers is reinforced by theà parallel structuresà in the opening sentence of the fourth paragraph: The ten-minute ride the girl took achieved--as far as I was concerned, who wasnt looking for it, and quite unbeknownst to her, who wasnt even striving for it--the thing that is sought by performers everywhere. Then, relying heavily onà participial phrasesà andà absolutesà to convey the action, White proceeds in the rest of the paragraph to describe the girls performance. With an amateurs eye (a few knee-stands--or whatever they are called), he focuses more on the girls quickness and confidence and grace than on her athletic prowess. After all, [h]er brief tour, like an essayists, perhaps, included only elementary postures and tricks. What White appears to admire most, in fact, is the efficient way she repairs her broken strap while continuing on course. Such delight in theà eloquentà response to a mishap is a familiar note in Whites work, as in the young boys cheerful report of the trains great--big--BUMP! in The World of Tomorrow (One Mans Meatà 63). The clownish significance of the girls mid-routine repair appears to correspond to Whites view of the essayist, whose escape from discipline is only a partial escape: the essay, although a relaxed form, imposes its own disciplin es, raises its own problems (Essaysà viii). And the spirit of the paragraph itself, like that of the circus, is jocund, yet charming, with its balanced phrases and clauses, its now-familiar sound effects, and its casual extension of the lightà metaphor--improving a shining ten minutes. The fifth paragraph is marked by a shift inà tone--more serious now--and a corresponding elevation of style. It opens withà epexegesis: The richness of the scene was in its plainness, its natural condition . . .. (Such aà paradoxicalà observation is reminiscent of Whites comment inà The Elements: to achieve style, begin by affecting none [70]. And the sentence continues with a euphonious itemization: ofà horse, ofà ring, of girl, even to the girls bare feet that gripped the bare back of her proud and ridiculousà mount. Then, with growing intensity,à correlativeà clauses are augmented withà diacopeà andà tricolon: The enchantment grew not out of anything that happened or was performed but out of something that seemed to go round and around and around with the girl, attending her, a steady gleam in the shape of a circle--a ring of ambition, of happiness, of youth. Extending thisà asyndeticà pattern, White builds the paragraph to aà climaxà throughà isocolonà andà chiasmusà as he looks to the future: In a week or two, all would be changed, all (or almost all) lost: the girl would wear makeup, the horse would wear gold, the ring would be painted, the bark would be clean for the feet of the horse, the girls feet would be clean for the slippers that shed wear. And finally, perhaps recalling his responsibility to preserve unexpected items of . . . enchantment, he cries out (ecphonesisà andà epizeuxis): All, all would be lost. In admiring the balance achieved by the rider (the positive pleasures of equilibrium under difficulties), the narrator is himself unbalanced by a painful vision of mutability. Briefly, at the opening of the sixth paragraph, he attempts a reunion with the crowd (As I watched with the others . . . ), but finds there neither comfort nor escape. He then makes an effort to redirect his vision, adopting the perspective of the young rider: Everything in the hideous old building seemed to take the shape of a circle, conforming to the course of the horse. Theà parechesisà here is not just musical ornamentation (as he observes inà The Elements, Style has no such separate entity) but a sort of aural metaphor--the conforming sounds articulating his vision. Likewise, theà polysyndetonà of the next sentence creates the circle he describes: [Tlhen time itself began running in circles, and so the beginning was where the end was, and the two were the same, and one thing ran into the next and time went round and around and got nowhere. Whites sense of times circularity and his illusory identification with the girl are as intense and complete as the sensation of timelessness and the imagined transposition of father and son that he dramatizes inà Once More to the Lake.à Here, however, the experience is momentary, less whimsical, more fearful from the start. Though he has shared the girls perspective, in a dizzying instant almost become her, he still maintains a sharpà imageà of her aging and changing. In particular, he imagines her in the center of the ring, on foot, wearing a conical hat--thus echoing his descriptions in the first paragraph of the middle-aged woman (whom he presumes is the girls mother), caught in the treadmill of an afternoon. In this fashion, therefore, the essay itself becomes circular, with images recalled and moods recreated. With mixed tenderness and envy, White defines the girls illusion: [S]he believes she can go onceà roundà the ring, make one complete circuit, and at the end be exactly the same age as at the start. Theà commoratioà in this sentence and theà asyndetonà in the next contribute to the gentle, almost reverential tone as the writer passes from protest to acceptance. Emotionally and rhetorically, he has mended a broken strap in mid-performance. The paragraph concludes on a whimsical note, as time isà personifiedà and the writer rejoins the crowd: And then I slipped back into my trance, and time was circular again--time, pausing quietly with the rest of us, so as not to disturb the balance of a performer--of a rider, of a writer. Softly the essay seems to be gliding to a close. Short,à simple sentencesà mark the girls departure: her disappearance through the door apparently signaling the end of this enchantment. In the final paragraph, the writer--admitting that he has failed in his effort to describe what is indescribable--concludes his own performance. He apologizes, adopts aà mock-heroicà stance, and compares himself to an acrobat, who also must occasionally try a stunt that is too much for him. But he is not quite finished. In the long penultimate sentence, heightened byà anaphoraà andà tricolonà and pairings, echoing with circus images and alight with metaphors, he makes a last gallant effort to describe the indescribable: Under the bright lights of the finished show, a performer need only reflect the electric candle power that is directed upon him; but in the dark and dirty old training rings and in the makeshift cages, whatever light is generated, whatever excitement, whatever beauty, must come from original sources--from internal fires of professional hunger and delight, from the exuberance and gravity of youth. Likewise, as White has demonstrated throughout his essay, it is the romantic duty of the writer to find inspiration within so that he may create and not just copy. And what he creates must exist in the style of his performance as well as in the materials of his act. Writers do not merely reflect and interpret life, White once observed in an interview; they inform and shape life (Plimpton and Crowther 79). In other words (those of the final line of The Ring of Time), It is the difference between planetary light and the combustion of stars. (R. F. Nordquist, 1999) Sources Plimpton, George A., and Frank H. Crowther. The Art of the Essay: E. B. White.à The Paris Review. 48 (Fall 1969): 65-88.Strunk, William, and E. B. White.à The Elements of Style. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1979.White, E[lwyn] B[rooks]. The Ring of Time. 1956. Rpt.à The Essays of E. B. White. New York: Harper, 1979. leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-87787703532811340782019-12-22T21:06:00.001-08:002019-12-22T21:06:02.827-08:00Pros And Cons Of Legalization Of Marijuana - 784 Words According to the English Oxford Living Dictionaries (2017), marijuana is ââ¬Å"Cannabis, especially as smocked or consumed as a psychoactive (mind-altering) drug.â⬠Although marijuana is illegal by the federal law, 29 states have legalized the use of medical marijuana, and in 8 states anyone over the age of 21 can buy marijuana (Nathan, D. L., Clark, H. W., Elders, J, 2017, p. 1746). Many Americans tend to experiment with drugs when put in a certain social event, but rarely abuse drugs or become a drug dependent. However, the few Americans that are drug dependents become hurtful to the community and oneself. The legalization of marijuana has been an ongoing argument for years, and will continue to be a popular topic for years to come. Theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The court system of police force is usually overwhelmed with marijuana cases. By legalizing marijuana less people would have a class B misdemeanor violation on their permeant record and it would prevent overcrowd ed jails and prisons. Thirdly, legalizing marijuana would help diminish the black market, which could also help reduce gang violence. The black market could be almost absent from society because marijuana dispensed or sold through the state must be registered, regulated and taxed. This is good for community health because the drug will be accounted for, and not just anyone can buy it with out proper registration. This could help prevent gang violence in urban areas, which in return could increase community safety. Legalizing marijuana will not only treat serious medical conditions, but also reduce crime, and help stop the black market. Although there are many positive benefits to legalizing marijuana, there are equally important disadvantages to consider. First, marijuana is addictive. People who experience marijuana addiction report they are unable to stop using the drug despite the wish to quit (Danovitch, I. 2012, p. 97). This would a have negative effects on a community by more community members having easy access to marijuana for recreational use. This would result in less productive community members. Secondly marijuana effects your attention span, hand-eye coordination, tracking behavior, and reaction time when driving whileShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Marijuana Legalization1226 Words à |à 5 PagesWhat is Marijuana? According to Dictionary.com, Marijuana is, ââ¬Å"a preparation made from the dried flower clusters and leaves of the cannabis plant, usually smoked or eaten to induce euphoriaâ⬠(marijuana). Marijuana, also known as ââ¬Å"Mary Janeâ⬠, is drawn out to be an extremely horrib le, life-ruining drug. Children learn that marijuana is a ââ¬Å"gatewayâ⬠drug and that it only does harm. Though it can be quite addictive, Marijuana is safer than commonly used drugs like Tobacco and could possibly be moreRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Legalization Of Marijuana715 Words à |à 3 PagesMarijuana legalization is a controversial subject with many different problems and solutions. Marijuana has benefits and disadvantages to using it (and many viewpoints on said pros and cons) so one person cannot be the only authority on the subject. Marijuana could possibly be used as a medicine, and although legalizing marijuana could have some benefits, the action could have serious repercussions. The legalization of medical marijuana could have positive benefits to the United States governmentRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Marijuana Legalization1442 Words à |à 6 Pagesthat plague American society, the issue over the legalization of Marijuana remains as one of the most controversial topics. Marijuana, also known as Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to national surveys conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), ââ¬Å"marijuana use rose from 4.1 percent to 9.5 percent of the U.S. adult population in the past decade.â⬠The increase of Marijuana use created an ongoing debate over whether it shouldRead MoreMarijuana: For Better or For Worse?1740 Words à |à 7 PagesMarijuana is a harmful drug and should not be legalized. Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug used in the United States. It is a plant that grows from the ground however, it contains many harmful toxins. There are many pr os and cons for the legalization of marijuana although there are more cons than there are pros; one being that children are the ones who abuse marijuana the most. Surprisingly, against other beliefs, marijuana smoking actually does impair the userââ¬â¢s ability to drive aRead MoreEssay about Should Marijuana be Legalized?968 Words à |à 4 PagesShould marijuana be legalized for recreational or medical use? This is a debate that has been happening for quite some time and this is not just a debate that is happening among people. There are many that have taken sides including medical personal and government officials. Currently in the United States there are two states in which recreational use of marijuana is legal; Colorado and Washington. There are three states currently that have pending legislation to legalize recreational use; CaliforniaRead MoreLegalizing Marijuana For Recreational Use1362 Words à |à 6 Pageslegalize marijuana for recreational use. Similar to the age limitation set for buying and consuming alcohol and smoking of tobacco products, Colorado has set the age limit for recreational use for adults who are at least twenty-one years of age and over to use an ounce of this drug. According to the drugabuse.gov website, the drug marijuana is defined as a greenish-gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves and flowers of Cannabis sativaââ¬âthe hemp plant. After two years of legalizing marijuana, ColoradoRead MoreMarijuana: Drug or Cure? Essay1191 Words à |à 5 Pageshappens to be over the legalization of Marijuana. As of 1970 with the passing of The Controlled Substances Act the Federal Government officially classified marijuana as a schedule 1 drug with no real accepted medicinal use at the time (History of Marijuana). As the capabilities of science have progressed over time more and more scientific challenges have bombarded this decision so that more tangible research can be garnered from this plant. The earliest known mention o f marijuana as a recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1372 Words à |à 6 PagesLegalization of Weed Growing up, everyone is told that, ââ¬Å"Drugs are bad for you,â⬠time and time again. Now as a kid you donââ¬â¢t really understand the reasoning behind it, but you listen to your authority figure regardless. I remember being told this my entire life and even to this very day. But as I got older I realized that people would still use drugs even though itââ¬â¢s illegal. I could never understand why someone would go against the law and jeopardize their life just to use drugs? The drug thatRead MoreEssay Astonishing Statistics of Marijuana Use in Minors1539 Words à |à 7 Pagesmillion Americans ages 12 and over have reported to using marijuana at least once within the previous year. That number alone is an astonishing statistic on marijuana users. Although marijuana has been a drug with increasing popularity especially throughout the past couple of years due to the legalization in some states. In November of 2012 history was made when Washington and Colorado both lega lized marijuana for recreational use. Although marijuana is considered to be a Schedule 1 drug, which means itRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1224 Words à |à 5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Many different web pages and read over the information that they provided and this is what is found. The debit for this topic is all over the place some say we should some say we should not legalize marijuana. The three main topics that will going to go more into depth with are the medical benefits, monetary benefits and the renewable benefits. But first, let a bit about marijuana, so other names for it is weed, herb, pot, grass, bud, ganja, Mary Jane to name a few. Marijuana can be leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-55437871408260102062019-12-14T17:35:00.001-08:002019-12-14T17:35:03.311-08:00Hitler vs. Napoleon Free Essays Historians have noted the similarities between Napoleon and Hitler for years.à Both were charismatic dictators who established regimes in times of war and had ambitions of European domination.à Both were enormously successful but short-lived in their enterprises. We will write a custom essay sample on Hitler vs. Napoleon or any similar topic only for you Order Now à For these and other reasons, Napoleon is easily comparable to Hitler.à This essay will explore this comparability in terms of their national achievements, conquests, nationalism, origins, legacy and military/political maneuvers. Though now popularly viewed as a despot, Napoleon, like Hitler, contributed many positive elements to his native country.à He codified French law, particularly the Civil Code, replacing the Ancient Regimeââ¬â¢s 360 local codes.à He also implemented lycees, secondary schools that were meant to instruct future leaders of France.à Hitler, by comparison, instigated in Germany one of the largest booms in civil advancement and industrial expansion the country has ever witnessed.à Like Napoleon, military growth accounted for much of the economical improvement. Napoleonââ¬â¢s strategy of conquest is also very similar to Hitlerââ¬â¢s.à Both had aims to one day bring all of Europe under their control, and just as Napoleon abandoned campaigns in Britain and ended his career in the Russian wastes, so too did Hitler.à Napoleon attacked Russia from an almost impregnable position of advantage in 1812, assaulting a country that posed no overt threat.à Hitler did the same in 1941.à It is possible both were suffering from the hubris, or excessive pride, of their successes. Whatever the case, Napoleon was definitely known for his nationalistic pride of Corsica (and France), much like Hitler for his German heritage.à The Bonapartists saw themselves as inheritors of the French revolution, and Napoleonââ¬â¢s efforts to expand the empire were tireless.à He forbade his conquered countries from expressing their own national heritage, which may have later led to a rise in nationalism in those territories.à Most notable of these territories was Germany, whose nationalistic rise Hitler augmented to preclude the inclusion of Jews or any non-Ango ethnicities. Both Napoleon and Hitler came from relatively humble origins.à Napoleon was born in Corsica, a possession of France.à The son of a moderately successful attorney, Napoleon received a fair education but carried an Italian accent that would set him apart from the higher tiers of French society.à He began his military career as an artillery officer, not considered a desirable command at the time.à Hitler, similarly, was not wealthy in his youth.à He lived a bohemian life on minimal wages, never completed his high school education, and scratched by a living as a failing artist.à But like Napoleon, Hitler would transcend his unspectacular origins, leaving behind a considerable mark on their cultures and the world. Napoleonââ¬â¢s legacy is evident in his Code, his invention of the modern military conscript, and his innovations on warfare.à Under Napoleon, corps took the place of divisions as the largest military unit, cavalry increased in importance, battles became more decisive with broader attack fronts, and armies focused on the annihilation of enemy armies as opposed to out-maneuvering them.à He is thought to have spread the Revolutionary philosophy throughout Europe, manifested in the nation states that rose in Italy and Germany. His Napoleonic Code, however, is the innovation for which even Napoleon knew he would be most known.à Hitlerââ¬â¢s contributions are, by contrast, negative.à He is responsible for taking anti-Semitism to a national scale, implementing the Nazi Party (which still exists today in various forms), and propagating fascism and intolerance as natural products of his military and political strategy. Indeed, Napoleon was very similar to Hitler in regard to political/military strategy, as well.à Both leaders used aggressive strategies in the acquisition of land and both suppressed revolts of the peoples their regimes oppressed.à Napoleon was known for his efforts to put down a major Haitian slave revolt and, in 1801 France, to re-establish slavery after its post-Revolution ban. Likewise, Hitler is notorious for his persecution of the Jews, his anti-Semitic tirades that won him enormous favor among vast demographics of the German population, and his supreme execution of suppression and extermination, the Holocaust.à While their strategies show similarity, Napoleonââ¬â¢s do not equal Hitlerââ¬â¢s in terms of sheer ferocity and nationalistic fervor. à How to cite Hitler vs. Napoleon, Essay examples leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-58625928648093782212019-12-06T13:59:00.001-08:002019-12-06T13:59:03.499-08:00Cloud Computing on Mobile Applications â⬠Free Samples to Students Question: Discuss about the Cloud Computing on Mobile Applications. Answer: Introduction In this new digital world, everything is transforming a digital objective, internet, and Smartphone or mobile devices have become the integral part of the lives of the human beings. Mobile applications are the matter of subject for any mobile device that makes all the devices smart and attracts the customers towards it. Mobile applications are changing the way of the life living of individuals. Moreover, cloud computing is empowering all the innovative technologies that are related to the internet through providing cloud data storage and all time access to those information and data. It has become the need of the industries to develop mobile applications for their good business. Developing mobile app not only let to directly contact the customers rather it also helps in gaining social media platform that could be represented as the biggest crowd of the customers. This enables the opportunity for the industries to cope up with competitive market. Not only business sectors are getting advantages but in this new era of technology every individual from the social background are trying to get all the benefits and rest. The purpose of this report is to present critical analysis on the scholarly research papers for two articles that have been proposed in this report. Two papers have been selected in the report that is based on two different topics related to the mobile application and impact of cloud computing on mobile application. This report presents the critical analysis on the topics related to the impact of the cloud computing on mobile application and social impact of mobile applications. In context to these two articles have been chosen of the relevant topic and following id the report presenting all the objectives related to the two articles. El-Sofany and El-Seoud (2016) were trying to identify the disadvantages and advantages that are being associated with the use of cloud based applications on mobile devices targeting the learning practices of the students. Other question whose answer the researcher were trying to find were to evaluate the features and performance of the cloud based application on a mobile device what are the applications that might be expected from these cloud computing applications. Including the effects on the device, that is running cloud-hosted application. Last question whose answer authors were seeking to find in this report was to analyze the consequences that might be raised while using the cloud-based applications on mobile devices. The Researchers have used very fine and transparent methodology that was a questionnaire. In this paper Cronbach's alpha had been used in manner to measure the stability and validity of the contents related to the study questionnaire. Another methodology tools that had been proposed in this report are Stepwise multiple linear regression and Spearman correlation analysis. These methodologies could be helpful in manner to estimate the severity of the practices that are dominant at this age of the world that can be listed as: gender, educational level, age, and more emphasis has been given on the variables related to the cloud based applications usage on mobile devices. Correlation between Research Question, Philosophical Framework Research Methods As research questions stated above, the authors tried to find out the result of these questions using the methodologies stated in the above report. The authors firstly described all the objectives related to the cloud computing that could be helpful in further reading for the readers. This area includes the various models, structure and deployment models of the cloud services. Followed by that the authors have stated the advantages of the cloud computing in which they tried to explain how cloud computing can be helpful in accessing data from anywhere and how it could be used in improving the face of learning and teaching professions. Some facts have been identified while discussing the advantages that could be related to the disadvantages of the cloud computing. Thereafter advantages and disadvantages related to the Mobile learning and application of cloud computing in mobile learning have also been proposed in the report. A research hypothesis that was mainly a chart describing the answers gathered by the participants has been presented. Framework can be described as: 5 % of the user answers tend to "disagree", 23% of the user answers tend to "agree", 47% of the user answers tend to "strongly agree", 5% of the user answers tend to " neutral", 20% of the user answers tend to "very satisfied". Questionnaire can be stated as cheapest and effective methodology for getting response on the related topic. However, there are certain ethical issues raise while collecting the information and recording them for personal research. It should be ensured by the researchers that the information and data provided by the participants should be kept private, confidential and secure in manner to eliminate ethical issues related to the participants. This includes the name address and other sensitive information related to the participants. This could be resulted in a manner that questionnaire could be better for researching topics that are sensitive in nature as respondents will be will be much honest if the identity is kept to be protected and not exposed to anyone else. This could also eliminate the issues related to the psychological harm for the participants such as embarrassment and many other feelings. Appropriateness of Data Collection and Analysis The paper presented by El-Sofany and El-Seoud (2016) mainly focuses on the research of impact of cloud computing on mobile application and application of mobile cloud computing in E-learning environment. A framework for studying the efficiency of application of mobile cloud computing in E learning has been proposed in this report. Authors have used Cornbrash s alpha in manner to determine the stability and validity of the responds that they gather through the questionnaire. For empowering the analysis authors have also implemented stepwise multiple linear regression and the spearman correlation analysis in manner to determining the impact of this application in most of the socially dominating practices. Research Finding and the Evidence Based on the methodologies and researches mentioned above let them to enlist the findings that can be listed as: M learning is an effective leaning through mobile cloud computing. M-learning is easy through mobile cloud computing Through mobile Cloud Computing Student can easily understand the M learning applications. Demand for e learning can be increased effectively through mobile cloud computing applications. Student performance effectively can be increased through mobile cloud computing applications. Learning services quality can be increased through mobile cloud computing applications. Security can be stated as obstacles for learning through mobile cloud. Whenever m leaning is free of charge whenever the demand for it has increased via mobile cloud computing. Islam, Islam and Mazumder (2012) proposed an article that is relative to the topic and has a research question that can be represented as how individual mobile user facilitate using mobile application and the popularity of the mobile application. Based on certain framework and methodologies this report also emphasize on the ethical perspective of the application of mobile applications. Authors have presented the data and information related to the past and present situation of mobile application for more than one country globally. In this paper authors have evaluated the consequences of use of mobile application within the business and social area. Calculative data including the pie chart and pictorial graph has been proposed in this report in manner to transparent the written context that is based on the IBM survey, market readings and many more. Correlation between Research Question, Philosophical Framework Research Methods The authors have presented an overview of the mobile application and their relative uses in the whole world including the categories, where application are being used. Moving forward they have stated the past and present application of the mobile applications that gives a pictorial presentation of the evolution of mobile application and how they are being spread in all the possible sectors of the business. They have also presented the data and information that has been collected globally and how mobile application could lead to the conclusion that in future it might become as important as internet. Business of mobile application and market growth has also been explained in the report that provides an overview over the continuous market shares growth of the mobile applications. This paper also demonstrates how a business can be profitable using mobile application for the services and communication between the consumers and different stakeholders. From the ethical perspective it has al so present certain concerning objectives related to the application of mobile application within the social area. It demonstrates how social media platforms have arrived in the form of application and how they are contributing in digitalizing our world. Mobile application could be helpful in saving time and increasing productivity as they allow the consumers to be connected with the data and information and needed representatives. The vast demand in the application development leads to the increase in business and that in turn increases the job vacancies. This research has maintained to be ethical as the data and information that has been proposed in this report are already exposed for the whole population of world. Such questioners are not very much efficient rather it is easy to use without any risk or efforts. As the world is changing and being modernized development and usage of mobile application has been increasing in a rapid growth. Limitations are being pushed away by the technological efforts and issues are being eliminated. Most of the people are trying to use mobile device and mobile application instead of desktop for easy task. Gradually the uses of mobile applications are increasing corresponding to the use of desktop applications. All of the mobile manufactured companies and mobile application Developer companies are increasing the capacity, quality and functionality. As the technology is evolving the applications are being innovative and more features are being added. Mobile application impacting the whole globe with its advantages and applications. In this paper, authors have tried to explain the so many things about mobile application and business with some data from modern market. In addition, we think this paper will help to other for further study in the mobile application area. Despite of so many advantages there are certain issues and limitations of the application of mobile applications such as waste of time, small screen and many more. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that mobile applications are playing very vital role in enhancing the digital life of the human beings. This report presents a critical analysis on two different scholarly articles. Implementation of cloud computing within the mobile application could be a game changer in this world that is being popular among all the users with mobile devices. In this era, everyone has a personal mobile device or Smartphone that gives the access to download applications from the relative application stores. There are many advantages of latest application from simple living to a high living profile. Despite of all the advantages there are certain disadvantages of the application of mobile application and cloud computing that has also been highlighted in both the articles. The first article provides a framework for studying the efficiency of application of mobile cloud computing in E learning has been proposed in this report. Authors have used Cornbrash s alpha in manner to determine the stability and validity of the responds that they gather through the questionnaire. Whereas second article tried to explain so many things about the mobile application and business with respect to the data from modern market. In addition, we think this paper will help to other for further study in the mobile application area. Despite of so many advantages there are certain issues and limitations of the application of mobile applications such as waste of time, small screen and many more. References Ahmed, E., Gani, A., Khan, M.K., Buyya, R. and Khan, S.U., 2015. Seamless application execution in mobile cloud computing: Motivation, taxonomy, and open challenges.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,52, pp.154-172. Beratarrechea, A., Lee, A.G., Willner, J.M., Jahangir, E., Ciapponi, A. and Rubinstein, A., 2014. The impact of mobile health interventions on chronic disease outcomes in developing countries: a systematic review.Telemedicine and e-Health,20(1), pp.75-82. Buller, D.B., Borland, R., Bettinghaus, E.P., Shane, J.H. and Zimmerman, D.E., 2014. Randomized trial of a smartphone mobile application compared to text messaging to support smoking cessation.Telemedicine and e-Health,20(3), pp.206-214. Fernando, N., Loke, S.W. and Rahayu, W., 2013. Mobile cloud computing: A survey.Future generation computer systems,29(1), pp.84-106. Hoehle, H. and Venkatesh, V., 2015. Mobile Application Usability: Conceptualization and Instrument Development.Mis Quarterly,39(2). Islam, R., Islam, R. and Mazumder, T., 2012. Mobile application and its global impact.International Journal of Engineering Technology (IJEST),10(6), pp.72-78. Koffel, E., Kuhn, E., Petsoulis, N., Erbes, C.R., Anders, S., Hoffman, J.E., Ruzek, J.I. and Polusny, M.A., 2016. A randomized controlled pilot study of CBT-I Coach: Feasibility, acceptability, and potential impact of a mobile phone application for patients in cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.Health informatics journal, p.1460458216656472. Rahimi, M.R., Ren, J., Liu, C.H., Vasilakos, A.V. and Venkatasubramanian, N., 2014. Mobile cloud computing: A survey, state of art and future directions.Mobile Networks and Applications,19(2), pp.133-143. Reference: El-Sofany, H.F. and El-Seoud, S.A., 2016, October. Studying the effectiveness of using mobile cloud computing applications in learning. InInteractive Mobile Communication, Technologies and Learning (IMCL), 2016 International Conference on(pp. 17-23). IEEE.Research Question Salehan, M. and Negahban, A., 2013. Social networking on smartphones: When mobile phones become addictive.Computers in Human Behavior,29(6), pp.2632-2639. Sanaei, Z., Abolfazli, S., Gani, A. and Buyya, R., 2014. Heterogeneity in mobile cloud computing: taxonomy and open challenges.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(1), pp.369-392. Dinh, H.T., Lee, C., Niyato, D. and Wang, P., 2013. A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), pp.1587-1611. Sarwar, M. and Soomro, T.R., 2013. Impact of smartphones on society.European journal of scientific research,98(2), pp.216-226. Shiraz, M., Gani, A., Khokhar, R.H. and Buyya, R., 2013. A review on distributed application processing frameworks in smart mobile devices for mobile cloud computing.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,15(3), pp.1294-1313. venson, A., Neumann, C. and Glen, M., 2017. A Pilot Study: The Impact of Mobile Application Use on Dietary Intake, Physical Activity, and Health Behavior Strategies Based on BMI.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,117(9), p.A15. leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-76591822491713440692019-11-29T03:40:00.001-08:002019-11-29T03:40:03.197-08:00Running head theories of development 1 Essays (298 words) Running head: theories of development 1 Theories of Development Jennifer LeMelle Everest University Online Professor Mathews General Psychology 2012-23 March 9 , 2015 THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT 2 Erik Erikson proposed a lifespan model of development, taking in five stages up to the age of 18 years and three further stages beyond, well into adulthood. Erik Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order, and builds upon each previous stage. This is called the epigenist principle. Generativity vs. Stagnation , stage seven we establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, begin our own families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. S tage seven has been my biggest challenge in relation to establishing my career. I worked in the commercial printing industry for 18 years and due to slowing economy the company I thought I would retire from was forced to close their doors. In hopes of establishing my career, I am taking the necessary college courses and focused on getting my degree . As I continue through my lifespan I will give back to society through the following three goals. First goal is by setting high standards in raising my children . Second goal is b eing focused, determined and productive at work. Third goal is becoming involved in community activities and organizations. Through focus, determination and my faith in God I will fulfill each of these goals . My p s yc h ology course has provided me the insight, incentive and dr ive needed to complete each of my goals with the feeling of pride and success. . THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT 3 Reference: Nevid, J. S. (2013). Psychology: Concepts and applications (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-17359847447563122922019-11-25T11:14:00.001-08:002019-11-25T11:14:03.537-08:00How to Write an Exploratory EssayHow to Write an Exploratory Essay The term Exploratory essay sounds weird for many students, but donââ¬â¢t worry in this article we will try to help you find out and understand what an exploratory essay really is. It is one of the most interesting and easy type of essay as there is no need to have special knowledge and direction to begin the exploratory essay. All what we need is the ability to think with broad imagination and creativity and conduct a little research about the subject of the exploratory paper. The meaning of the exploratory essay itself defines its meaning. The exploratory essay must find its ending in itself or we can say that the writer of an exploratory essay gets the outcome of the essay automatically while writing the essay. In other words, while writing an exploratory essay all the arguments will become clear while writing an essay. Exploratory essay writing differs from other essays, as while writing the exploratory essay there is a need of broad vision, thinking and research as the exploratory essay requires a lot of point of views and arguments which are directed towards outcome of the exploratory essay. No matter if these points of views have no bias. Writing an exploratory essay is like finding an answer to a question and learning rather than giving proof about the subject. While writing an exploratory essay we must take in account the advantages and the disadvantages of the chosen topic or, to be more precise, the subject of our topic. In exploratory essays there is a strong need of mentioning the important facts and different opinions. As written before, taking different point of views will help in placing the essay in the required mould. We can consider an exploratory essay as an artistic type of essay. The better it is explored using different opinions and point of views the better it will give its outcome and more appealing it will look. An exploratory essay usually begins with a question or an unknown fact which is answered or explained as we go through the exploratory essay. But exploratory essays may contain more than one unfamiliar fact or question. So, it is very important to carefully go through it and discover hidden facts. The more you explore an exploratory essay the more deep it gets and it reveals the artistic nature of the essay and makes it more interesting to read. Next time if you need to write an exploratory essay you just need to gather different opinions and think about the subject from different angles and do not worry if you have lack of information about it because we are always here to help you. So, if you have any problems in writing your essay and need our help donââ¬â¢t feel shy to contact us. We have helped a lot of students and we will be glad to serve you too. Itââ¬â¢s that simple, just contact CustomWritings.com and we will immediately start assisting you in how to write an exploratory essay. leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-9246615096177943802019-11-21T18:38:00.001-08:002019-11-21T18:38:02.323-08:00AN ANALYSIS OF THE UK SUPERMARKET RETAIL SECTOR Case StudyAN ANALYSIS OF THE UK SUPERMARKET RETAIL SECTOR - Case Study Example The industry is structured in a way that the supply chain is well defined. However major players in the sector who control its operation are the consumers, suppliers, distributors. However the retailers dominate this chain of supply in the industry. The main structural feature of the retail sector in the UK is the centralized production and a defined distribution chain. (Griffith and Harmgart, 2008) Sources of supply Due to the diverse nature of products that are sold in the retail industry in the UK, there are also various sources of raw material for the industry. These sources are both national sources and international sources. This depends on the nature of the products that are being sold in the industry. There are those raw materials which can be sourced from within the nation but there are others that will have to be important. Although some raw materials can be sourced within the UK, the supply does not equal the demand and hence the industry is forced to import from other countries. Most of the manufactured products are sourced from within the local industry. There are various industries in the UK which produced at a competitive rate in the market. However other sectors like the food sector imports most of its raw material since the UK is not endowed in some of the agricultural products. Most of the agricultural products that are produced in the tropical region are imported into the retail market in the UK which forms another supply chain. Agricultural products like tea, flowers, coffee, and other horticultural products and not produced in the UK and are imported from countries like India, Kenya, and from other countries. The service sector in the UK has been seeking services of professionals...As a result there has been increased demand for goods at the retail level. One of the peculiar characteristics that have been witnessed in the UK retail industry is the change in loyalty that customers had earlier held to certain brands of commodity. Apparently, there is a change in the way customers are buying goods and the increased entrance of many players in the retail market has affected the way retail traders conduct their business. Increased competition has seen increased innovation in the industry with shops struggling to hold customers. Customers to the retail industry include those coming from the middle class. Apparently the middle class has been described as the driver of economies since it takes less measures in the way it consumers. Improved economy has seen increased income in the middle class which ahs continued to change with the changing global culture. Like in all other countries, the tide of globalization has brought a change in the culture of the people and more and more people are becoming conscious of what the market can offer. The global culture has also changed towards a spending culture and more and more people are spending in the market. Apparently there has been increased demand in some product while there is decreasing demand of other products. leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-17180586572918594192019-11-20T16:21:00.001-08:002019-11-20T16:21:04.074-08:00RESEARCH CRITIQUE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsRESEARCH CRITIQUE - Assignment Example In addition it shows that elements of music such as pitch, melody and harmony elicit a wide range of emotional responses. The samples that were taken for the study was dependent on the researcher social network via snowballing sample technique, which has a bias in sample selection. In addition, the participants were aware that they were carrying out research, and since blinding was not possible Hawthorne effect may distort the results. The ethical aspects were considered in the following aspects: An approval letter was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the University, the nurse explained to the participants the purpose of the study and they gave informed consent. In addition, confidentiality was observed and any participant was able to stop participating in the study unconditionally. In week 1, part one of the data collection was administered for all the groups. For experimental group, part 2 was administered as baseline after five minutes of rest period and before 30 minutes of music intervention. Both non-music and music intervention were carried out in a quiet and restful environment without interruptions. For participants in the music intervention, after 30 minutes music intervention, the research nurse stopped the music and collected participants data immediately. For those in the non-music, after the 30 minutes the research nurse collected their data immediately. This was done for subsequent week 2 to 8. Using RM ANCOVA adjusted by baseline depression scores of demographic characteristic to test for depression between groups yielded significant difference (p=0.016). No significant difference was found between week 2 (p=0.639), week 3 (p=0.213) and week five (0.089. However there was a significant difference between groups at week 4 (0.0005), week 6 (p=0.012, week 7 (p=0.008) and week 8 (p=0.0006. from these results it can be stated that there is a significant music influence on depression. The music group had a considerable leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-43588316176414647942019-11-18T15:02:00.001-08:002019-11-18T15:02:02.939-08:00Human resource Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsHuman resource - Research Paper Example I aspire to grow professionally in my career, and have a position in the top management in a renowned firm. In order to achieve that and do justice with my responsibilities as a manager, I need to take a detailed course of Human Resource Development. This would acquaint me with the necessary skills and competencies required to motivate the workforce to take active participation in the education and training programs in the workplace, and gain maximum benefit from them. The purpose of studying the course of Human Resource Development at the Indiana State University is that it inculcates the necessary knowledge in the students to pursue careers in academia or industry. The Human Resource Development program offered at the Indiana State University is designed in such a way so as to ensure that I develop skills and competences in the design, formulation, implementation, promotion, and analysis of the system of hiring the employees and their further grooming through continued education and training in the workplace. One of the most fundamental factors that provides the Indiana State University with an edge over other universities when it comes to studying the Human Resource Development is that as a student, one can complete oneââ¬â¢s degree along with other responsibilities as tough as a full-time employment. I am among the students who have to earn to pay the fee. In the present age, it is hard to find a job. So leaving a job can be very risky. In order to advance my academic career along with job, it is important that I maintain my current job, and taking the Master Program in Human Resource Development at the Indiana State University helps me achieve that. The Indiana State University provides the students with an opportunity to do an occupational internship where they can gain practical work experience. This appeals to me a lot as I can avail this opportunity without having to leave my leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-37409430233182839852019-11-16T03:34:00.001-08:002019-11-16T03:34:14.909-08:00News Channels PrefrencesNews Channels Prefrences After the last millennium year, we had seen a great budding in the entertainment news channel segment. With privatization came, the growth of joint ventured channels as well as big corporations joining the line. Progressively, it broadened its horizon into other sectors Music , Kids , Movie and Sports channels. We also saw a great mushrooming in the News segment. The huge growth was seen with increase in number as well as the audience response. According to Television Audience Meter, the overall television audience share of news channels increased from 1.5 per cent in 2001 to 7.9 per cent in 2012. Therefore, the amount of money spent on this segment was increased as companies could reach specific viewers. The AC Nielsen survey conducted in India showed that 30% of the TV watching population watched Entertainment Channels during the prime time whereas only 8% of the population watched news channels during that hour. With the day to day increase in competition in the News Channel Segment, it remains difficult to keep up the constant viewership. Hence, all the channels are running the rat race in market for gaining mass eyeballs. The news beats are repeated 247 just to keep the viewer stick to the television. These News channels have a floating audience. Literature Review The following is the list of different literature that I have consulted before i undertook this project. All these different pieces of work have helped us deciding the course of action that we may follow and also provided a starting point based upon which we have developed our methodology to achieve our objective. INDUSRTY OMNIBUS RESEARCH REGARDING STUDY OF VIEWS ON NEWS CHANNELS PREFRENCES Cyber Media Research had conducted a survey to understand a viewers perception, awareness preferences .They interviewed around 703 households in Ambala, Delhi Mumbai. The participants were asked to tell their first recall, about their preferred channels without the help of any hints. They were then given a list of 54 channels and they were requested to choose channels. In this way, top-of-mind, total unaided and total preference (sum of unaided and aided preference), were captured in the study and analyzed. Results showed that Hindi news channels were more popular than their English counterparts. AajTak lead with 66% of the market share followed by Star news, Zee news NDTV. This research helped us in determining the factors that people value during setting their preferences for a news channels. UMAR SURVEY BY AC NIELSON This survey covered the media consumption habits of Indians in TV, Print Online media. They used random telephone calls, TV diaries, booklets in which samples of viewers record their TV viewing during measurement week, electronic gadgets like people meter were also used. Calculation of reach: Proxy Sample Rate: 10 individuals For a single episode, if out of 10 people at least 6 saw the 1 minute of the programme then, the reach is calculated as 6 out of 10. Therefore, reach comes up to 60%. Conclusion: The result of the study showed that English is preferred language when going for print media whereas the television is watched more in regional languages. 9 out of 10 people watch TV nearly three-fourth of the surveyed read English dailies. Result also shows that magazines are not a popular choices amongst the rich more than 6 in 10 individuals do not read magazines. This research helps by informing us that the viewership also depends on the segments of people and their preference and lifestyle. FACTORS THAT IMPACT NEWS This article by Edd Applegate, a professor of Advertising at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro writes how journalists should not be influenced by commercials or professionally prepared news releases. He also speaks about how the news is being generated by PR Personnel and Manipulators. Manipulators have been successful in the past, perhaps too often for the countrys welfare. For example, Presidents of the USA such as Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon were successful in manipulating the press. President Franklin Roosevelt and his charismatic personality influenced what and how reporters wrote for the press. 4. CATEGORY TO HARD AND SOFT NEWS -CONFERENCE PAPERS, INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION ASSOCIATION. The study mainly focused on print journalism. However, as briefly described above, it describes hard news / soft news studies, which now does not limit itself to the print media but rather include television and more recently, new media. Moreover, as we will presently show, most of these studies research the way the audience (readers, viewers, listeners) consume the different types of news. Methodology The data collection instrument in this survey is questionnaires collected through field based survey Web based survey. The location of the survey was limited to the periphery of Manipal. The questions records the degree to which Television News Channels sensationalize and manipulate news and space for their suggestions is also provided. The survey consists of ten questions and the Sample size was between 50 60, which is significant for doing and Qualitative Critical Analysis. The results will be depicted using tools like Histogram Pie Charts. Sample Size: 55 Types Sources of Data: Sources of primary data are Businessmen Service Employees Students Housewives Introduction Television in India has existed in India for about decades, before which the transmission was mainly in black and white. The first telecast started on September 15th 1959 in New Delhi. Color Television was introduced in India during the eighties by state owned broadcaster Doordarshan (DD), followed by the Asian Games which India hosted. In the nineties came the broadcasting of satellite TV foreign programmers like CNN and Star TV followed by the domestic channels such as Zee TV and Sun TV. Prior to this people had to make it through Doordarshan telecasted mostly socio economic development programmes, programmes on agriculture, education etc. with very little entertainment in spite of which the audience were glued to their television sets. Around 1995 Indian viewers were exposed to more than 50 channels and by 1996, more than 60,000 cable operators existed in India. Entry of music channels, movie based channels, soaps started dominating Indian channels by 2003. India in the recent years has experienced the rise of more than fifty 24- hour satellite news channels, broadcasting news in 22 different languages. Indian had only one government controlled television network until private satellite networks came up and hyped up their presence. These 24- hour news channels were considered much better than Doordarshan because of its virtual nature and its capacity to simultaneously capture and publicize reality. Even without commentary a television clip became interesting enough as was shot live. Television as we know has the capability to reach millions of people at the time because it can transmit both pictures and words which become a very powerful advantage and keeps the audience glued. Also the images shown on television are much more effective and powerful than a static picture in a newspaper. However, news channels are on a look out for rating of a particular story, so ironically 24/7 news channels do not telecast news the whole day, the main news although is seen only during the morning, afternoon, evening and late night hours. It is being advocated that television journalism should move beyond mere news reporting to in-depth analysis of news. News channels need to be more sensitive in their reportage and should present the facts in a new format. The problem, it is felt with too much competition among news channels is that, in the race to grab viewers attention, TV channels end up dumping down or using the lowest common denominator to produce programmes that end up underestimating the intelligence of their viewers. Worse, channels trivialize, sensationalize etc. As more news channels enter the fray the endeavor to ensure not just authenticity and empathetic portrayal of people, but credibility as well, would assume paramount importance. WHAT IS NEWS? News is a report of a current event Or future events . News is a description about current on goings in a newspaper, television, radio or internet. From all these, we can safely define news as a development that has happened in the past 24 hours which was not known outside and which is of wide interest to the people and that which generates curiosity among people. W. Lance Bennett claimed, News is usually defined as information that is timely, relevant to the concerns of its audience, and presented in a form that is easy to grasp. NEWS CHANNEL A news channel is one that telecasts, unlike entertainment oriented TV channels, the news that is immediate and effective. A news channels can do what a newspaper cannot because it transports the viewer, though live pictures, to the scene of action. Previously, the Indian viewers had very limited options for watching news. For news they had watch Doordarshan during fixed hours, and some International news continuous channels like BBC and CNN which were available to few viewers. In the need to provide more news and information and to make people more aware of their day to day happenings, Zee News came into the scenario. This is when there emerged what is known as the revolutionary way of telecasting news. Followed by Zee News were Star News and NDTV to provide news and information to the mass audience. In course of time, news stories that were telecasted in all these news channels began to acquire a certain exaggerated and sensationalized character that in a certain sense became difficult to differentiate between reality and entertainment. There are over fifty news channels, including the national and regional, telecasting news all over India. This makes the viewer at times confused as to which channel to watch or just try and watch all the channel leading to the phenomenon called channel switching. Television is a one-way communication; therefore it important to establish the credibility of news channels to ensure quality news. Information today is considered as the main priority in mist peoples lives. Therefore, in this competitive world to get attention from people, credibility is a must. For instance, if BBC is taken as our standard, the Indian channel are long associated with that of BBC, how many of them are even making an attempt to do that is a question that crosses many viewers mind. Sensationalism a conceptual framework The media, especially the news media , has been identified as the fourth estate that works to inform and educate the people in a manner that is fair and accurate while maintaining objectivity; a term used often in the expression of news. Yadav and Sharma (2006) quote Dr N Bhaskara Rao, chairman of the centre for media studies (CMS), New Delhi, Studies indicate that the level of public confidence in the media has been on a decline. There are accusations of arrogance, insensitivity, bias, accuracies, sensationalism, stereotypes, trivialization, conflict of interest and disappearing line between news and views on the other. This brings up the question as to whether the media is overtly indulging in sensationalism and whether such behavior reflects a lack of accountability. Even a not-so-close study of news channels today will indicate a paradigm shift in the standards of news gathering and presentation. Stories are glorified so frequently on the news that it becomes difficult to differentiate between reality and entertainment. Most often the entertainment quotient is higher than the information value. This leaves the consumer of the news, sitting comfortably in armchairs in heated living rooms, absolutely heartbroken at the state of this planet and the people. Most often than not, the emphasis of the story is more on the emotional responses to a particular event than on the event itself. The superficial controversies gets reported leaving little room for in depth analysis of substantiate issues. The focus lies on the juicy aspects of the story to pull in a larger share of the audience which can sold to the advertisers. The news channels face a crisis with the race of eyeballs as they cater more and more to the masses, their programmes accused of lacking dignity and credibility in their coverage. News media is no longer brought to us solely as an accurate source of information about local and global issues. In reality, it is driven by a corporate agenda that has identified a profit opportunity for fulfilling our need to know about the world around us. Increasing corporate involvement has added a whole new dimensions to what we know only as the news. Now factors like reviewing ratings advertising, the 24*7 trend and explosion of technology play more critical roles ultimately affecting the content of the information being provided. Technology by itself was not sufficient to create the multi channel revolution. It is the programmes, their content, their forms and format, the presentation-style, gloss and finish that the ever growing demand of television channels. Media- Money Matters Though the media industry is considered to be the watchdog of the society with its primary aims being to inform, educate and to entertain, there is no denying that today it is driven by profit. Unlike newspapers, news channels and talk o not receive much in terms of the subscription. The cost of some production in terms of the various equipment and resources persons required to come up with bulletins and breaking news is quite high. The constraints of time further increase costs. Such being case, advertisements not only help to cover the production and administrative costs, they also accumulate profits. News media organizations is driven by profit and the profit is dependent on the ratings received, its very important to take steps to ensure people keep watching. Causing a reaction in an audience will get them to tune in the following day. Getting people to tune in everyday is money. Broadcasters buy programming outright from television software companies. The price depends on several things, the genre and the production house among them. Sitcoms and talk shows are less expensive as they are shot within a studio. Similarly, game shows may seem cheaper to make since they are studio based but if the anchor is a big name the cost could be high. Currently, airtime is bought of ratings and advertising rates that channels offer. The weekend Television Audience Measurement (TAM) ratings similar to the TRPs, gauge the viewership demographics of various channels and programmes. The study helps media researchers identify the attention patters of channels, programmes or time slots. Creative heads in each organization constantly strive to come up with programmes which will keep the target audience glued to the television sets. Most often they experiment with anything seemingly fresh or just to publicize a non issue. What makes the TAM ratings even more crucial is the fact that the inflow of ads hinges on them. In short a channels success can be described as a crucial chain of captive programmes, increased viewership, higher TRPs, augmented inflow of revenue and therefore, better content generation. Reporters or their media might benefit from reporting controversy because controversial stories may be more engaging and easier to write. The 247 Trend News programmes are vying for attention with other popular programmes telecast in different channels. The biggest task for launching a satellite channel is programme software for round the clock. In this juncture, news gathering is a major task for the 24- hour news channels. To cater to the task, the emerging electronic channels have not only revolutionized the concept of news on the Indian television but have also changed the news formats. From local events to international events, breaking news to news analysis, television soap to page3 news, every happening comes under purviews of news. But the very nature of 24 hour news channels demands a constant feeding and re-cycling. The tyranny of the sound bite often reduces complex issues to ten second statements. Heads of news organizations agree that today cricket, crime and cinema dominate news. Unlike the print media they do not assume a public interests broadcasters role and thus, let the weekend TAM ratings steer content. Sensationalism Sensationalism in journalism has been a popular topic of fiery discussions for centuries. The word sensationalism is used loosely by people to criticize the media. Even in academic circles, the term has been used with little precision. The most common but vague classifications of the concept are by content: stories about crime, accidents, disaster, and scandal. A few scholars acknowledge that formal features may play a role in what we have come to call sensational, but precisely how the packaging of stories contributes to sensationalism remains virtually unexplored, especially in terms of television news. Data Analysis Below is the graphical representation of the Demography of people surveyed. Age 21 years and Below 3 22- 35 42 36 50 7 50 and above 3 55 As per Age Question 1: Effectiveness of documentary style reporting such as Satyamev Jayate. In the survey of this question it is found that 16% feel that the documentary style programs are not interesting or over analyzed, 36% feel that the reports are irrelevant and only 48% feel that the reports efficiently dealt with the social problems. Irrelevant 19 Not Interesting, over analyzed 8 Efficiently deals and fights with social problems 26 Very Useful 2 55 Question 2: About Breaking News / Exclusive news. 32% of the surveyed population feels that the current practice of showing breaking news is sensationalizing the news whereas 28% feels it is to increase the viewership, 24% feels it is to inform the audience and 16% dont care. Sensationalizing the news Increase the Viewership Informing the audience Dont know 18 15 13 9 Question 3: Effect of Soft News Style of Reporting If the news is framed into a more feature or documentary style it is found that it would not have any effect on the viewership of 63% whereas it would positively impact the viewership of 16% and negatively impact 21%. Positive 63% Negative 21% No Effect 16% Limitations: 1) Due to time constraints, the survey could not be carried out for a large and diversified population. 2) Our respondents are mostly professionals, students and faculty members. 3) This research is mainly based on media and in media. I have covered only TV channels and shows. The study has not included any radio, newspaper or other entertainment channels. Conclusion The sensationalism of news during the dawn of TV journalism in India has becomes the foundation of media professionals in present day and age. The missing investigative spirit, zeal of reporting and the absence of responsibility are all well thought-out to be reasons for these circumstances. The ethics of a journalist has been replaced by money minting thoughts combined with irrelevant media morals where the information is manipulated and spiced up to become the ticket to roof hitting TRPs. Interestingly enough, among the first few cases of news sensationalism is the William Hearsts case of 1898. William Hearst owned The New York Journal, his false reports and pictures resulted in the Spanish-American war. The war in turn resulted to the end of the Spanish domination in Cuba. The world never forgave him for his professional dishonesty, hence the media named him as the father of Yellow Journalism. Although the print media learnt to evolve their guidelines following criticism of its sensationalist stance, TV journalism continues to carry on this disgraceful tradition. In unstructured societies like India, where media is not subjected for fixing responsibility and holding accountability, there is considerable damage. Media now, is being measured less by how objective and credible it is than more in terms of the devastation it can inflict. Lack of organizational checks as well as the encouragement, has seen news being dramatized, as well as spicing it up to stimulate public interest. The result is that often these unverified facts compose a major part of the information telecast throughout the day, seven days a week. This has blurred the line between the do`s and donts of journalism. But Television News channels have certain areas where they have been consistently performing well, but taking to unfair means to lure people into increasing viewership is certainly wrong. They require considerable introspection which is important if media men are to stop contributing to conflicts and violence through sensational reporting. Inaccessibility and the involvement of violent interest groups force media men to stay away from the gory scene. These make journalists dependent on second-hand information gleaned from different sources. In such a scenario, quoting well-informed officials is a blessing in disguise to keep the information clock of the TV channels ticking. However, are media men justified in feeding half-baked and sensational information to the public? Does a political stunt, not corroborated by facts, provide the basis for solid news? Do journalists know that professionalism requires them to probe beyond the apparent facts? And do media men realize how insensitively the most sensitive issues are being dealt with? The answers to these questions require considerable introspection which is important if people from the media industry are to stop, consciously or unconsciously, contributing to conflicts and violence through sensational reporting. Bibliography: Aurthur Asa Berger Media Analysis Techniques. Learning from Jon Stewart: How Soft News Programs Inform Infrequent Consumers of Traditional News. Silent Eva Jayate by S. Anand Outlook-India Magazine -23-July-2012. Hard News, Soft News, and the gendered discourse of important and interesting Conference papers, International Communication Association. General News: The Necessity of Adding an Intermediate Category to Hard and Soft News 2004 Conference papers, International Communication Association. Factors That Impact News by Edd Applegate The Featurization of Journalism by Steen Stevensen Any Good News in Soft News? Markus Prior WEBSITES www.wikipedia.org www.jstor.org www.outlookindia.com http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/publishing/2009090232854.htm News Audiences Increasingly Politicized leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355448575081903641.post-78553857306707325872019-11-13T16:05:00.001-08:002019-11-13T16:05:04.466-08:00eating disorders Essay -- essays research papers fc Eat to live ââ¬â donââ¬â¢t live to eat (or not to). This is very hard for a person with an eating disorder to understand since food is their tool for handling the stress and anxiety in their lives. Eating disorders affect millions of Americans each year (Eating Disorders 1). The most common eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Compulsive Overeating. These disorders are serious, and, when taken to extremes, can be life threatening as well. à à à à à All eating disorders arise from a combination of long-standing psychological, interpersonal, and social conditions (Gurze 24). Several other factors such as family and personal problems, a low self-esteem, and the desire for the ââ¬Å"idealâ⬠body may also contribute to the development of an eating disorder. à à à à à Eating disorders have reached epidemic levels. Over seven million women and one million men, children and adolescents have an eating disorder. Eighty-six percent report onset of illness by age 20, and seventy-seven percent report duration of illness from one to fifteen years. Only fifty percent report being cured. The cost of treating an eating disorder is often extremely expensive with the potential to extend over $100,000 (Ratner 17). Once an eating disorder has begun, it becomes a long-term (sometimes lifetime-long) cycle of dieting, bingeing and purging, or excessive eating. A person with an eating disorder becomes trapped in this endless cycle and needs professional physiological and psychological help to break through the chains. à à à à à Eating disorders, just as any other addiction, are a reaction to a low self- esteem and a negative means of coping with life and stress. Others may use alcohol, drugs, and even compulsive gambling as a way to cope with their problems. To someone with an eating disorder, their illness is a means of incorporating control into their lives. à à à à à Anorexia Nervosa, a disorder of self- starvation, manifests itself in a complete refusal of food and can cause psychological, endocrine, and gynecological problems. An anorexic person will turn to obsessive dieting and starvation as a way to control not only their weight, but also their feelings and actions regarding the emotions attached (Definition of Anorexia Nervosa 1). Some physiological characteristics of Anorexia Nervo... ...abuse. Clinical depression can also lead to an eating disorder. But, no matter how much research is done, never will a person without an eating disorder understand why a person with an eating disorder thinks and acts the way they do. All in all, eating disorders are very complex emotional issues. Though they may seem to be nothing more than a dangerously obsessive weight concern on the surface, for those suffering with eating disorders there are deeper emotional conflicts to be resolved. Works Cited ââ¬Å"Definition of Anorexia Nervosa.â⬠Something Fishy. à à à à à http://something-fishy.org/anox.htm. 25 Apr. 2000: 1. ââ¬Å"Definition of Bulimia Nervosa.â⬠Something Fishy. à à à à à http://www.something-fishy.org/bul.htm. 25 Apr. 2000: 1. ââ¬Å"Eating Disorders.â⬠Mental Health Net. à à à à à http://www.eatingdisorders.cmhc.com. 22 Apr. 2000: 1. ââ¬Å"Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa.â⬠Mental Health Net. à à à à à http://www.cmhc.com/factsfam/anorexia.htm. 22 Apr. 2000: 1. Gurze 2000 Eating Disorders Resource Catalogue, The. 28 Apr. 2000: 24. Ratner, Kathryn M.S.W., L.S.W. ââ¬Å"Eating Disorders.â⬠21 Apr. 2000: 6,7,17. leotoringpo1989http://www.blogger.com/profile/05817422150844854921noreply@blogger.com0